Readings Flashcards
1
Q
Introduction - Clive Emsley
A
GENERAL 'crime is constructed by society' change over time Karl Marx 'crime was something normal within society' Progress? changing circumstances state intrusion stigmatising social groups
‘contexts have changed’
‘rational decisions’
2
Q
Paul Lawrence
A
POLICE traditional view of the poor and crime changing views 'individualistic' to 'collective' Henri Joly Charles Frere - 'prey' correct public perceptions genuine? alcohol 'slum life' - generations of poor vagrancy 1892 'real need' generalisation 'realistic and pragmatic conception' U
3
Q
John Merriman
A
POLICE 'hand in hand' CPs Gendarmene 'control' 'national culture' professionalisation bureaucratisation prefect v municipalities law of ... neutrality? political - fear 'widely perceived...' Paris & Lyon Foucault 'crucial role' in 48 1791 1800 3 roles 'greater awareness of the state' 1815 Paris 'tools of the trade' serve their own town? Commissaire Central
4
Q
Cesare Lombroso
A
CRIMINAL 'object of attention' 'atavistic being' inherited defects father Classical School Modern School anomalies 1/3rd 'outward and visible signs' psychological anomalies slang tattoos 'special type'
5
Q
Robert Nye
A
CRIMINAL 'gross morphological characteristics' challenge 3 names - 'scula positiva' concurrent to a European 'cornerstone in the science' leaders 'sociological or environmental' Lacassagne 'absurdity' 'social milieu' 1889 'reversal' 5 names questioned / disputed / challenged 'unacceptability' 'immediate or indirect' unity = 'prestige' Tarde - 'moral responsibility' 'flawed concept' re-orientering Charles Frere - 'unhealthy' 1889 - International
6
Q
Adolphe Quetelet
A
CRIMINAL possible 'average man' what led to crime? drunkenness 'not enough' - 2 other factors 'same propensity' 'causes of influencing crimes' impossible less likely shame energy 'decreases' 6 summary lines: jury x 2 / drink / places / ceases / women
7
Q
Benjamin Martin
A
COURTS abuses 'exacerbated' 26 cours d'appels civiles criminelle des mise en accusation des vacance court d'assises 'rendered the verdict' Attorney General juge d'instruction below above 'only the rich' Ministry of Justice 'enormous power' 'desire for promotion' 'correct' relations Law of August 30 1885 614 'stakes of loyalty high' dominated by prior to 1908 'defend the regime' 'secondary to' 'marked talents' - 2 names 'not be guaranteed' ... 'instruments'
8
Q
James Donovan
A
COURTS behaviour best sources biases 'compte general' 3 reasons why not good 'certain' - 2 reasons 2 influential factors 1825 - 1907 'more threatened' crimes of passion - 3 reasons most lenient to? why sympathetic? 'extremely biased toward...' lived in fear 'far more lenient...' - 2 reasons type of crime represented 'uphold a social order'
9
Q
David Harvey
A
MORAL 'age of reason' magic - secretive 'displaced the magician' - 3 factors Article 497 huge confusion difference between divination and fraud Estelle Bosart and Caliteneau Sorcerer Goupil and Lorraine Mme Serin 'prosecutions' rarely enforced - 3 reasons why? male assumption 'air of exoticism and secrecy' 'a client sought' major appeal of FT WWI and WWII 'sporadic' 1993 - 3 reasons
10
Q
William Peniston
A
MORAL 'homosexuality, after all, was closely associated with' disrupted the family Article 330 leading to what? homosexual subculture difficult to study jealousy born criminal?
11
Q
Danger - Clive Emsley
A
CITY / COUNTRY Quetelet statistics 'pathological nature of living' emerging towns 'construction of violence' countryside - BANDITS 'economic destruction' - generations fear - alcohol - cheaper 'folklorists' - 'moral image' 'rural idyll' 1840s Honore Fregier 'wealthy' 'enemy of society' Mathew and Chadwick - labour Vidocq - enhanced 'emphasis on language' - 'separateness' capitalism - new 'never categorised' 'world under threat' Benedict Morel 'mans world' prostitutes challenged state
12
Q
Edgar Newman
A
CITY / MORAL Raynal 'moral crisis' social schemes 'reform' and tax 'socialist movements' corrupt poetry 'moralise the world' society's greatest sin described the world as... welfare relief not punishment
13
Q
Eric Hobsbawm
A
COUNTRY define bandit for historians? social bandits 'criminals' but 'remain within' 'admired' distinguishes 'unthinkable' where does it occur? 'between' modern systems 'exploited by someone else' few estimates flourish in 'construction of' is enough to 'diminish' generalisations - 3 (epidemic / harvest / 'disruption of') may 'be the precursor' cease to be Scandinavian 'refuse to submit' 'traditional order' 'reformers' can be - when? 'can and does change society'
14
Q
Peter Sahlins
A
COUNTRY May 1829 'dressed as women' Demoiselles of the Ariege 1827 Forest Code Why? identities bourgeoisie attempt aim: expel 'women at war' masks failed Natalie Davis 'sexual power' true? department - 'valued the integrity' 'empowered' to a 'greater extent' 1804 devalued evoked 'past power' contradicting 'broader idiom of gender' 'feminine qualities' - 3 main ones gardening 'parallel accounts of a class of' 'fairies of the forest'
15
Q
Gregory Shaya
A
CRIME FICTION 'powerful and emblematic figure' 2 functions: legitimising and maintaining 'model for the public itself' mass culture - what is it? press - 'mechanism of solidarity' two visions of the crowd created ? flaneur and baduad F: 'common figure' B: 'gawker' 'man in the crowd' 'symbol of the masses' Le Petit Journal 'demanding, but natural' 'legitimate' 'community of horror' 'public of empathy' ?
16
Q
Policing - Clive Emsley
A
POLICE 'model for most of...' why was it re-established? French Rev allowed for promotion 'who a man knew' 'political upheaval' 'replace' 'make room' tasks - 3 sub-sections: efficiency - amount of info finding a CP (221) vagrants 'apprehended by victims' 'targets' questions about 'legitimacy' police brutality 'violent' 'accepted gifts' 'opportunities for profit' welfare and pastoral roles arbiter and social worker
17
Q
A. R. Gillis
A
'five century decline' 1865 - 1913 'extended surveillance' 'inflationary effect' - minor less 'repressing 'dangerous classes' 'political challenge' 'reflect cultural change' 'urbanisation imposed' 'nonviolent' states 'intensified' 'collectives' 'reducing capacity' 'maintenance of order' Giddens rural to city Hay C18th 'gentry and peasants' amount to 'form' 2 reasons violent crime decreased: Beirne: 'decadence and crime' urban areas tripled 1821 1890s 45% Giddens - uniforms Stead - presence 'bad habits' CPe v CPr in rural v urban high pop density increased what? why an increase in minor offences? Weber 'crime was a social disease' political policing 'derived from an interest' 'security of state' 'basis of surveillance'
18
Q
New Professionals: Old Problems / The Understanding and Nature of Crime - Clive Emsley
A
1884 ambiguity 'principle authority' old system 'superior authority' 'acquired an unenviable reputation' 1880s detective memoirs crime fiction 'knew what the public wanted to read'
‘convicted of crime’
‘intent’ and ‘cost’
bandits ?
urban society ‘more concerned’
19
Q
Piers Beirne
A
Q - 'most influential' 'prominence of crime' 'perturbing effect of inequality of wealth' 'temptations' 'luxury' 'crime is a constant' 'inevitable feature'
20
Q
Louis Chevalier
A
'largest consequences' 'normal' 'pathological nature' 'groups apart' 'ordinary & genuinely social'
21
Q
Ruth Harris
A
'exclusively pre-occupied' 'unwilling' 'direct link' 'anatomical study' 'powerless' Tarde 'dangerous error'
22
Q
Jan Verplaetse
A
Despine
‘no conscience or moral sense’
‘valuable predecessor’
‘not responsible’
23
Q
Andrea Goulet and Susanna Lee
A
crime fiction
‘commercial and critical success’
24
Q
Lenard R Berlanstein
A
'juvenile delinquency' 'deviant sub-culture' discretion 'isolated vagrant' 'begging' '53%' intensive urban growth failure Article 271 - 'habitually without residence' 'resiliency of the working class' 'not... emotional ties' 'embedded in the fabric'
25
Q
Abdul Qaiyum Lodhi & Charles Tilly
A
crime urban growth 'no substantial foundation' wrong to assume 'social critics of the time' 1813-61 property why? (three reasons) theft / robbery persons 'swings in collective violence' urban setting DID increase property crimes
26
Q
David Cohen & Eric A Johnson
A
'rural crime was far more prevalent' Lodhi & Tilly may have 'predisposed' assumption: high Cpr not Cpe 'as prevalent in countryside' concur with Lodhi & Tilly Stinchcome public places 'more personal crime' 'fewer' cause tension 'modernisation' 'retard it'
27
Q
Alfred Lindesmith & Yale Levin
A
'founder' AQ & A.M Guerry Ave Lallement 'absorbed' 'product or aspect' 'promoted a shift' 'social nature' lost myth 'American product'
28
Q
Howard C Payne
A
‘police power’
‘centralised’
‘weapon’
