Reading week 1 AI generated

Question 1

What are the characteristics of adipose tissue insulin resistance in the early stages.

Answer 1

High fasting plasma FFA (free fatty acids) levels or subtle defects.

Question 2

What are the consequences of disturbances in nutrient supply during fetal development and early life on adipose tissue?

Answer 2

Long-term consequences, insulin resistance, and excess body fat accumulation in adulthood.

Question 3

Define muscle insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.

Answer 3

Intrinsic genetic defect in insulin action in skeletal muscle, occurring before obesity or hyperglycemia.

Question 4

How does a high-caloric high-fat diet and sedentary lifestyle affect triglyceride storage in the body?

Answer 4

Leads to increased storage not only in adipose tissue but also ectopically in other tissues.

Question 5

Describe the relationship between intracellular lipid contents in skeletal muscle and liver and insulin resistance.

Answer 5

Related to insulin resistance and inflammatory processes.

Question 6

What is the impact of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) contents on insulin resistance in sedentary populations?

Answer 6

Relates to insulin resistance.

Question 7

How does ectopic lipid accumulation affect insulin signal transduction?

Answer 7

Associated with elevation of intracellular lipid metabolites and stimulation of inflammatory pathways, interfering with insulin signal transduction.

Question 8

Describe the accumulation of intrahepatocellular lipid (HCL) in the absence of alcohol intake or hepatotoxic agents.

Answer 8

Termed non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL).

Question 9

Describe the relationship between increased hepatic lipid content and insulin sensitivity.

Answer 9

Increased hepatic lipid content is associated with impaired suppression of endogenous glucose production and decreased hepatic glycogen synthesis during hyper-insulinemic clamps, negatively impacting whole-body and hepatic insulin sensitivity.

Question 10

Explain how myocardial lipids (MYCLs) are related to cardiovascular health and metabolic conditions.

Answer 10

MYCLs are correlated with BMI, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, non-ischemic heart failure, and decreased regional systolic performance, potentially contributing to contractile dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.

Question 11

Define ‘diabetic cardiomyopathy’ and its association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Answer 11

Diabetic cardiomyopathy refers to ventricular dysfunction in patients with T2DM in the absence of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, suggesting a link between myocardial and contractile dysfunction, augmented MYCL contents, and insulin resistance.

Question 12

How does increased pancreatic lipid (PCL) content relate to pancreatic function and insulin secretion?

Answer 12

Pancreatic lipid content increases with BMI, but it has not been proven to be harmful to 훽-cell function. Both PCL and insulin secretion rise with BMI, suggesting a complex relationship between pancreatic fat and 훽-cell function.

Question 13

Describe the impact of adipocyte infiltration of pancreatic islets on 훽-cell function.

Answer 13

Experimental data suggest that adipocyte infiltration of pancreatic islets may contribute to 훽-cell dysfunction, potentially affecting insulin secretion and pancreatic function.

Question 14

Explain the concepts of insulin responsiveness and insulin sensitivity in relation to glucose disposal.

Answer 14

Insulin responsiveness refers to the maximal effect of insulin in increasing whole-body glucose disposal, while insulin sensitivity is defined by the insulin concentration needed for a half-maximal response, reflecting the body’s sensitivity to insulin actions.

Question 15

Describe the limitations of the glucose clamp method.

Answer 15

Time-consuming, labor-intensive, expensive, invasive, restricted to clinical settings.

Question 16

Describe the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) in relation to glucose and insulin dynamics.

Answer 16

HOMA is a model that predicts fasting glucose and insulin concentrations based on insulin resistance and 훽-cell function, using empirically derived nonlinear equations.

Question 17

Define 훃-cell function in the context of HOMA.

Answer 17

훃-cell function refers to the response of 훽-cells to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the body.

Question 18

How is insulin resistance reflected in the HOMA model?

Answer 18

Insulin resistance is reflected by the diminished suppressive effect of insulin on hepatic glucose production (HGP) in the HOMA model.

Question 19

Do lower values of Homeostasis Model of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) indicate better insulin sensitivity?

Answer 19

Yes, a value below 1 in HOMA-IR suggests better insulin action and increased insulin sensitivity.

Question 20

Describe a limitation of using HOMA as an index for insulin action.

Answer 20

One limitation is that HOMA is an estimation and not a direct quantification of insulin action, although it is quick, easy, and cost-effective for large population studies.