Reading, Language Arts, and Literature Flashcards
How to do multiple choice-questions
Step 1: Read the question carefully. As you read, underline or circle the key words and phrases that differentiate this particular question from all other possible questions.
Step 2: Rephrase the question to make sure you understand it. If possible, predict the correct answer.
Step 3: Read all the answer choices, eliminating (physically marking through) incorrect ones as you go.
Step 4: If two or more possible answer choices remain,go back to the question and search for matching/mirroring language or concepts that will point you toward the single correct answer.
Literacy
It is categorized as listening, speaking reading, writing, and spelling.
Morphology
the study of word structure
Phonemes
the smalls units of spoken language (letters) ( the sounds of letters). For example, ‘b’ in bat and the ‘r’ in rat.
Morphemes
the sound sequences that convey meaning. For example adding an ‘s’ to the word bat. Adding the ‘s’ creates a different meaning.
phonology
The study of the way sounds function in a language
phonemic awareness
is an understanding of the fact that words are comprised of sounds called phonemes
Morphology
the study of word structure
Prescriptive Linguistics
When words are combined into sentences, they can by linguistically be analyzed in terms of their syntax. It teaches us how to break sentences into their component parts (nouns, verb, adjectives)
Syntax
The study of sentence structure.
Generative/Transformative Linguistics
Semantics: the study of the ways in which sounds, words, sentences, etc., are used to convey meaning in language, including the effect of context on meaning.
Sociollinguistics
Language is used within particular contexts. Different contexts call for different uses of language. The social, physical, and cultural contexts of language use are topics within the field of pragmatics.
3 parts of linguistics
Perspective: syntax
generative: semantics
linguistics: pragmatics
Milestones of Language Acquisition
Birth to 1: cooing, then babbling
1 - 2: holophrastic speech (one-word utterances)
18 months - 32 months: telegraphic speech, mostly content words without affixes or function words
2 - 5: emergent speech/grammar explosion
5 - 7: intermediate language fluency
7 - adulthood: increasing fluency
Zone of Proximal Development (Lev Vygotsky)
The area that lies just beyond the child’s capacity to solve problems on his own.
literacy
the ability to send and receive communication. It involves listening and speaking, reading and writing, and the capacity to seek out and retrieve information.
How to increase a student’s vocab
- read to the students
- model good speaking vocabularies
- independent reading is best
Strategies to build phonemic awareness
-rhyming games
alphabetic principle
the idea that written language represents the sounds of spoken language by means of the alphabet.
What is a fluent reader?
One who can read with appropriate speed and intonation. They recognize most words on sight and is able to read in phrases.
If a child does not have enough vocabulary they are not a fluent reader because they will spend their time trying to decode words.
Reading Difficulties
Dyslexia: have trouble with segmenting and blending speech sounds
Spelling Stages:
1) pre-communicative stage: a child is aware that letters represent sounds, but is unsure about actual correspondences. This child uses invented spellings
2) semiphonic stage: the child understands letter-sound correspondence as a principle. The student will often us a single letter to represent a word or syllable (ex. u instead of you)
3) phonetic stage: children begin to systematically represent speech sounds with letters or groups of letters in a logical way. (ex. a student might write kom instead of come or dun instead of done)
4) transitional stage: the speller moves from a dependence on sound and phonology to the use of visual memory and an understanding of word structure (highed instead of hide or egul instead of eagle)
5) The correct stage: knows the correct spellings of many words by memory. Has learned the basic rules of English orthography (correct spelling), including silent consonants, affices, and irregular spellings.
Assessment types
Formal (Summative): tests all that the students have learned within a period of time
Informal (formative): they are ongoing, classroom-based, and oriented toward individual achievements.
The Paragraph
- a group of sentences on a single topic
- three types of sentences: topic, body, and concluding.
If asked to revise or evaluate a paragraph, first determine the topic by reading the paragraph, then look for thee sentence that best describes the topic in general.
Stages of Writing
1) Prewriting: Includes techniques to help the writer organize his or her thoughts (ie. brainstorming, free writing, mind mapping)
2) First Draft: The goal of the first draft is to get everything down on paper. Grammer can come later in this stage
3) Revision & editing:
- logic and structure should be checked
- should have an introduction
- should have a body with examples and details
- should have a conclusion.
4) Publication: This can range from reading the final work aloud, posting it on a bulletin board, putting it up on the class web page etc.
Ad hominem
an attack launched against a person, by implication, the person’s position.
False causality
involves treating 2 or more coincidental conditions as though one causes the other.
Red herring
an irrelevant point, one designed to distract attention from the argument at hand.
overgeneralization
often features stereotyping
The bandwagon effect
counts on your being convinced by a position’s popularity
Begging the question
involves including an assumption within the argument, as though the assumption had already been proven. Also considered circular reasoning,
The 4 Rhetorical Strategies
1) Narrative Writing: tells a story. It describes events and actions sequentially, though not necessarily chronologically.
2) Expository Writing: presents information
3) Persuasive: designed to convince the reader of the author’s point of view.
4) Descriptive writing: paints a picture of the fictional world. It includes appeals to all the senses.
Elements of Fiction
1) Plot
2) Characterization
3) Setting
4) Theme
5) Point of view
Elements of a plot
def: it is what happens in the story
- introduces the characters and the settings
- complication
- rising action
- climax
deouement: unknotting or untwisting
Characterization:
the creation of characters that populate the story
- protagonist or hero
- the antagonist-the person who opposes the protagonist
- dialogue
- monologue
Setting
the environment in which the story takes place
Theme
the central or unifying concept of the story
Point of view
the perspective from which the story is told
- first person
- third person: the author’s voice is heard
- third person omniscient: may include information about what any and all characters are thinking and feeling, as well as any other information or perspectives the author wishes to present
- third person limited: is restricted to the experiences, thoughts, and feelings of a single person other than the narrator.
Connotaion
the set of associations a word conveys, as opposed to its strict definition.
Denotation
the definition of a word
Descriptive writing
writing that paints a picture of a fictional world
irony
the tension, or difference, between what is expected (or what appear to be) and what is actually the case.
Language Acquisition Devise (LAD)
the innate structural predisposition of the human brain to make sense of language (to acquire the specific sets of phonemes, morphemes, and syntactical structures that belong to any specific language system.
metacognition
the awareness that there are skills that can increase learning efficiency and effectiveness; learning how to learn
metaphor
a comparison between two unlike things as though they were the same
meter
the rhythm of a poem. It may be regular or irrregular
morphemes
the sound sequences that convey meaning
morphology
the study of word structure: how sounds & syllables combine to produce meaning
parallelism
a structural advice in which words, phrases, or ideas are repeated, once or several times
parody
a humorous subgenre of fiction that mimics the style and conventions of another, serious work
phonology
the study of the way sounds function in language
pragmatics
the study of social, physical, and cultural contexts of language use
satire
exposes, often humorously, the follies, foibles, and vices of a group or system
semantics
the study of the way in which sounds, words, sentences, etc., are used to convey meaning in language, including the effect of context on meaning
universal grammer
the general properties that underlie and govern the development of all human languages
alliteration
the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.
onomatopoeia
the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g., cuckoo, sizzle ).
