Reading, Language Arts, and Literature

Question 1

How to do multiple choice-questions

Answer 1

Step 1: Read the question carefully. As you read, underline or circle the key words and phrases that differentiate this particular question from all other possible questions.

Step 2: Rephrase the question to make sure you understand it. If possible, predict the correct answer.

Step 3: Read all the answer choices, eliminating (physically marking through) incorrect ones as you go.

Step 4: If two or more possible answer choices remain,go back to the question and search for matching/mirroring language or concepts that will point you toward the single correct answer.

Question 2

Literacy

Answer 2

It is categorized as listening, speaking reading, writing, and spelling.

Question 3

Morphology

Answer 3

the study of word structure

Question 4

Phonemes

Answer 4

the smalls units of spoken language (letters) ( the sounds of letters). For example, ‘b’ in bat and the ‘r’ in rat.

Question 5

Morphemes

Answer 5

the sound sequences that convey meaning. For example adding an ‘s’ to the word bat. Adding the ‘s’ creates a different meaning.

Question 6

phonology

Answer 6

The study of the way sounds function in a language

Question 7

phonemic awareness

Answer 7

is an understanding of the fact that words are comprised of sounds called phonemes

Question 8

Morphology

Answer 8

the study of word structure

Question 9

Prescriptive Linguistics

Answer 9

When words are combined into sentences, they can by linguistically be analyzed in terms of their syntax. It teaches us how to break sentences into their component parts (nouns, verb, adjectives)

Question 10

Syntax

Answer 10

The study of sentence structure.

Question 11

Generative/Transformative Linguistics

Answer 11

Semantics: the study of the ways in which sounds, words, sentences, etc., are used to convey meaning in language, including the effect of context on meaning.

Question 12

Sociollinguistics

Answer 12

Language is used within particular contexts. Different contexts call for different uses of language. The social, physical, and cultural contexts of language use are topics within the field of pragmatics.

Question 13

3 parts of linguistics

Answer 13

Perspective: syntax

generative: semantics
linguistics: pragmatics

Question 14

Milestones of Language Acquisition

Answer 14

Birth to 1: cooing, then babbling
1 - 2: holophrastic speech (one-word utterances)
18 months - 32 months: telegraphic speech, mostly content words without affixes or function words
2 - 5: emergent speech/grammar explosion
5 - 7: intermediate language fluency
7 - adulthood: increasing fluency

Question 15

Zone of Proximal Development (Lev Vygotsky)

Answer 15

The area that lies just beyond the child’s capacity to solve problems on his own.

Question 16

literacy

Answer 16

the ability to send and receive communication. It involves listening and speaking, reading and writing, and the capacity to seek out and retrieve information.

Question 17

How to increase a student’s vocab

Answer 17

• read to the students
• model good speaking vocabularies
• independent reading is best

Question 18

Strategies to build phonemic awareness

Answer 18

-rhyming games

Question 19

alphabetic principle

Answer 19

the idea that written language represents the sounds of spoken language by means of the alphabet.

Question 20

What is a fluent reader?

Answer 20

One who can read with appropriate speed and intonation. They recognize most words on sight and is able to read in phrases.

If a child does not have enough vocabulary they are not a fluent reader because they will spend their time trying to decode words.

Question 21

Reading Difficulties

Answer 21

Dyslexia: have trouble with segmenting and blending speech sounds

Question 22

Spelling Stages:

Answer 22

1) pre-communicative stage: a child is aware that letters represent sounds, but is unsure about actual correspondences. This child uses invented spellings
2) semiphonic stage: the child understands letter-sound correspondence as a principle. The student will often us a single letter to represent a word or syllable (ex. u instead of you)
3) phonetic stage: children begin to systematically represent speech sounds with letters or groups of letters in a logical way. (ex. a student might write kom instead of come or dun instead of done)
4) transitional stage: the speller moves from a dependence on sound and phonology to the use of visual memory and an understanding of word structure (highed instead of hide or egul instead of eagle)
5) The correct stage: knows the correct spellings of many words by memory. Has learned the basic rules of English orthography (correct spelling), including silent consonants, affices, and irregular spellings.

Question 23

Assessment types

Answer 23

Formal (Summative): tests all that the students have learned within a period of time

Informal (formative): they are ongoing, classroom-based, and oriented toward individual achievements.

Question 24

The Paragraph

Answer 24

• a group of sentences on a single topic
• three types of sentences: topic, body, and concluding.

If asked to revise or evaluate a paragraph, first determine the topic by reading the paragraph, then look for thee sentence that best describes the topic in general.

Question 25

Stages of Writing

Answer 25

1) Prewriting: Includes techniques to help the writer organize his or her thoughts (ie. brainstorming, free writing, mind mapping)
2) First Draft: The goal of the first draft is to get everything down on paper. Grammer can come later in this stage

3) Revision & editing:
- logic and structure should be checked
- should have an introduction
- should have a body with examples and details
- should have a conclusion.

4) Publication: This can range from reading the final work aloud, posting it on a bulletin board, putting it up on the class web page etc.

Question 26

Ad hominem

Answer 26

an attack launched against a person, by implication, the person’s position.

Question 27

False causality

Answer 27

involves treating 2 or more coincidental conditions as though one causes the other.

Question 28

Red herring

Answer 28

an irrelevant point, one designed to distract attention from the argument at hand.

Question 29

overgeneralization

Answer 29

often features stereotyping

Question 30

The bandwagon effect

Answer 30

counts on your being convinced by a position’s popularity

Question 31

Begging the question

Answer 31

involves including an assumption within the argument, as though the assumption had already been proven. Also considered circular reasoning,

Question 32

The 4 Rhetorical Strategies

Answer 32

1) Narrative Writing: tells a story. It describes events and actions sequentially, though not necessarily chronologically.
2) Expository Writing: presents information
3) Persuasive: designed to convince the reader of the author’s point of view.
4) Descriptive writing: paints a picture of the fictional world. It includes appeals to all the senses.

Question 33

Elements of Fiction

Answer 33

1) Plot
2) Characterization
3) Setting
4) Theme
5) Point of view

Question 34

Elements of a plot

Answer 34

def: it is what happens in the story
- introduces the characters and the settings
- complication
- rising action
- climax
deouement: unknotting or untwisting

Question 35

Characterization:

Answer 35

the creation of characters that populate the story

• protagonist or hero
• the antagonist-the person who opposes the protagonist
• dialogue
• monologue

Question 36

Setting

Answer 36

the environment in which the story takes place

Question 37

Theme

Answer 37

the central or unifying concept of the story

Question 38

Point of view

Answer 38

the perspective from which the story is told

• first person
• third person: the author’s voice is heard
• third person omniscient: may include information about what any and all characters are thinking and feeling, as well as any other information or perspectives the author wishes to present
• third person limited: is restricted to the experiences, thoughts, and feelings of a single person other than the narrator.

Question 39

Connotaion

Answer 39

the set of associations a word conveys, as opposed to its strict definition.

Question 40

Denotation

Answer 40

the definition of a word

Question 41

Descriptive writing

Answer 41

writing that paints a picture of a fictional world

Question 42

irony

Answer 42

the tension, or difference, between what is expected (or what appear to be) and what is actually the case.

Question 43

Language Acquisition Devise (LAD)

Answer 43

the innate structural predisposition of the human brain to make sense of language (to acquire the specific sets of phonemes, morphemes, and syntactical structures that belong to any specific language system.

Question 44

metacognition

Answer 44

the awareness that there are skills that can increase learning efficiency and effectiveness; learning how to learn

Question 45

metaphor

Answer 45

a comparison between two unlike things as though they were the same

Question 46

meter

Answer 46

the rhythm of a poem. It may be regular or irrregular

Question 47

morphemes

Answer 47

the sound sequences that convey meaning

Question 48

morphology

Answer 48

the study of word structure: how sounds & syllables combine to produce meaning

Question 49

parallelism

Answer 49

a structural advice in which words, phrases, or ideas are repeated, once or several times

Question 50

parody

Answer 50

a humorous subgenre of fiction that mimics the style and conventions of another, serious work

Question 51

phonology

Answer 51

the study of the way sounds function in language

Question 52

pragmatics

Answer 52

the study of social, physical, and cultural contexts of language use

Question 53

satire

Answer 53

exposes, often humorously, the follies, foibles, and vices of a group or system

Question 54

semantics

Answer 54

the study of the way in which sounds, words, sentences, etc., are used to convey meaning in language, including the effect of context on meaning

Question 55

universal grammer

Answer 55

the general properties that underlie and govern the development of all human languages

Question 56

alliteration

Answer 56

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

Question 57

onomatopoeia

Answer 57

the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g., cuckoo, sizzle ).