History and Social Science Flashcards
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- good soil for sowing and harvesting
- Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep.
- Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
- Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, affection and love, - from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships.
- Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others.
- Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
The Iron Age is characterized by:
- the innnovations of planting, watering, harvesting, preserving, and storing throughout the Middle East.
- Civilizations flourishing in Mesopotamia, Northern Africa, and Asia Minor.
- The domination of these civilizations ending by an invasion of nomads from the North, who had learned to fashion weapons from Iron. The warriors overcame the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Egyptians.
Communism
an economic system in which the state controls the means of production and distributes the profits
Conquistadors
Spanish explorers that sought riches in Central and South America, establishing colonies along the way.
Daimyo
Japanese feudal lord
Democratic-Republican party
one of the first two political parties in the US, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; opposed the Federalist part and was strongly in favor of individual rights.
Economics
a social science dealing with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Emancipation Proclamation
a proclamation made by President Lincoln in 1863 freeing all slaves in regions still fighting against the Union
Executive branch
a branch of the system of checks and balances that sees that the country’s laws are executed.
Federalism
a system of government consisting of a number of self-governing regions (states) united by a central (federal) government.
Federalist Papers
a series of articles written in 1787 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to gain popular support for the then-proposed Constitution
Feudalism
a social, economic, and political system in which power is decentralized, and a varying number of lords hold land on which they allow others to live and work n return for loyalty and service.
Fief
land held by lords under the feudal system
Forty-niners
nickname for the influx of people that arrived in California, starting in 1849, in search of gold
Free-soilers
a minor but influential political part in the pre-Civil War period that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories.
Gentleman’s Agreement
a 1907 treaty with Japan that allowed wives to join their husbands in the US on the condition that the Japanese government deny exit visas to any men wishing to emigrate to the states.
Great Awakening
a religious revival in the colonies during the first part of the eighteenth century
Great Compromise
a decision made by the Constitutional Congress splitting Congress into two houses, one based on population (House of Reps), and one based on equal representation (the Senate)
Initiative
a process that gives individuals citizens, or groups of citizens, the power to place a proposed law on a ballot.
aqueduct
a man-made channel constructed to convey water from one location to another
Bear Flag Revolt
a brief attempt at the beginning of the Mexican-American war to establish an independent Cali republic.
Bushido
the code of knights in feudal Japan, the equivalent of chivalry in Europe
California’s Mission System
a “sacred expedition” in which 21 Spanish Catholic Missions were established, spaced to be in a single days travel apart on el camino real (the royal road)
Californios
residents of the rancho system in Cali just before the Mexican-American War, mainly composed of Mexican citizens who identified more as Californios than as Mexicans
Central Valley Project
a federal water project undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1935 as a long-term plan to effectively use water in California’s Central Valley
Checks & Balances
written into the Constitution, this concept is one of the cornerstones of our public, encompassing three branches of government and a system for them all to act as watchdogs for the others.
Circumnavigate
to sail completely sail around the Earth
Code of Hammurabi
the first known written legal code, developed in ancient Babylon, predated the Justinian Code by about 2,000 yrs
Intolerable Acts (or Coercive Acts)
British reaction to the Boston tea party including more rigid restrictions of colonial town meetings in other harsh penalties.
Judicial Branch
a branch of the system of checks and balances that interprets congressional laws.
Justinian Code
considered to be the bases for the Justice Systems in use throughout much of the Western World, including the US
Land Commission
established to settle the Californios land claims during the first few years of Cali’s statehood.
Louisiana Purchase
1803 purchase made by president Thomas Jefferson that essentially doubled the us territory
Manifest Destiny
an 1845 phrase encapsulating the american vision of Western expansion.
Mercantilism
a practice of state regulation and control of an economy
Missouri Comprimise
1820 legislation that tried to resolve the conflict raised by the addition of new territories as either slave or non slave owning areas.
Nullification
a concept espoused by southerners following the Missouri compromise that would have given southern states the right to refuse to obey laws they did not agree with
“Octopus”
a term used to describe the Central Pacific Railroads monopoly for having an arm present in practically in every sector of Cali’s commerce
Popular Sovereignty
a direct democracy
Presidio
forts built by the Spanish to offer protection to California’s missionaries and settlers during periods of violent revolt by native workers
Pueblos
towns based around Cali’s missions and presidios , built around a church and a town square
rancho system
a land allotment system defined by a few large landowners and many landless workers.
recall
a mechanism for ending a elected official tenure before its scheduled completion.
reconstruction
President Lincoln’s first priority after the Civil War to reconcile the Waring sides and rebuild areas affected by war.
Referendum
a statute or amendment that has passed the state legislature which is then placed on the ballot for approval by the electorate
relocation camps
internment camps that held people of Japanese descent during WWII.
Renaissance
a French word meaning rebirth. A name given to the flowering of European culture at the end of the Medieval Period.
Secession
The self given right of the seven states of the lower South to leave the Union if they so desire
Separate But Equal
In philosophy along with election rules that was designed to deny Negros the right to vote after reconstruction ended.
Serf
Peasants who work on land in the feudal system.
Shogun
in feudal Japan, the equivalent of a Medieval European King.
Silicon Valley
a nickname for the southern part of San Francisco bay area in northern California originally referring to the concentration of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers but eventually referring to the entire of concentration of all types of high tech businesses
Socialism
An economic system in which workers control the means of production and share in the profits of their labor
Ten Percent Plan
A plan created by Pres Lincoln before his assassination and carried out by his successor, Andrew Jackson, stating that a state could be readmitted to the Union if 10% of the former Confederates in the state who have voted in the 1860 election vowed loyalty to the Union
Vassal
The equivalent of a knight in the feudal system
Confucianism
an ethical philosophical system based on respect.
Taoism
Built on the Chinese concepts yin and yang, the complementary polarities of all existence. The system is based on balance and harmony
Gautama Buddha
He taught that the primary source of suffering is failure to control one’s desires.
Buddha
- belief in karma
- belief in reincarnation after death
- belief in attaining spiritual Enlightenment and being freed from the cycles of birth, death, and rebirth
Hinduism
Holds the belief that one’s individual karma caused him or her to be born into a particular social status (ie. the caste system).
What are the best known city-states of Greece
Athens & Sparta, the preeminent military and athletic center
The Crusades
During the Medieval period the church wanted to recapture the holy land, but during this this time Islam had been founded by Muhammad and was spreading rapidly. So, the Pope issued a call for holy warriors to liberate he holy land from the Muslims.
-The series of invasions into Muslim territories is known as the Crusades.
Magna Carta
the most important legal development in European history.
- it said that the King was to be restrained by rule of the law.
- It is also the foundation for the American constitution (mainly the 5th & 6th amendments.
The Renaissance
- rebirth
- Leonardo da Vinci was an artist during this time
- Copernicus & Galileo were 2 of the most prominent thinkers
Ways to look at history
- through discovery or invention
- Through wars and powerful people
- Through human migration
Enlightenment
- the printing press was invented
- because there was increased literacy there was an explosion of activity in in science and philosophy.
What was the first English settlement in America
Jamestown, Virginia, which was settled in 1607
When Maryland was establishment, what its primary focus
it was offered as a place were Catholics could escape from religious persecutions they had endured in England since the Reformation.
Federalism in the Constitution: Rights reserved for the federal government
- print money
- regulate interstate and international trade
- make treaties and conduct foreign policies
- declare war and field armed forces
- make the laws necessary to execute these laws.
Federalism in the Constitution: Rights Reserved for the States
- conduct elections
- ratify amendments to the constitutions
- issue licenses
- regulate intrastate (within state) to business
- establish local governments
- take measures for public health and safety
- any other powers the constitution does not reserve for the national government or prohibit the sates for using
Name 3 influences on western legal thought and discuss how each influence was important in the development of legal tradition.
1) Code of Hammurabi: it was the first written legal code in ancient Babylonia. It set a standard for written down laws, instead of depending on the whims of an individual ruler for justice. Everyone has to follow the same rules
2) The Justinian Code: it is the basis for our system of case law, where interpretations of the law are often based on interpretations of law in past cases.
3) Magna Carta: The King had to be subject to the rule of the law, which influenced our constitution (mainly the fourth and fifth amendments)
