Reading/Dyslexia

Question 1

What are the 3 routes to reading?

Answer 1

1) Direct Visual bypassing Semantics aka Whole Word Route
2) GPC route, “sublexical route”
3) Direct Visual/Lexical Route

Question 2

Direct Visual Route

Answer 2

Reading via meaning

can be called direct lexical route

VAS –> VIL –> SS –> SOL –> PL

Question 3

GPC Route

Answer 3

sublexical route

VAS –> GPC –> PL

used with unfamiliar, non words

Does NOT work for irregular words

sounding out words

Question 4

Direct Visual Route bypassing Semantics

Answer 4

Whole word route

VAS –> VIL –> SOL –> PL

still know it is an English word

Question 5

Phonological Dyslexia

Answer 5

Impairment is in the GPC route to reading (bypass, sublexical route)

CAN: read exception/irregular real words, read via semantics/whole word

CANNOT: use GPC, read non words (may end up reading as visually similar words), function words, bound morphemes, blend, segment, L–>S knowledge, re-learn/learn new words through reading

Forced to read via semantic route

Question 6

Surface Dyslexia

Answer 6

Impairment in direct visual route (VAS–>VIL–> SS –> SOL –> PL)

Can be an impairment anywhere along route (VIL, VIL/SS link, SS, SOL)

Can use GPC’s, so pt is very good at reading nonwords

Reading via GPC is very slow (for real words)

Cannot read exception/irregular words (like, “Yacht”) because they won’t be able to access it as a stored word

Produce regularization errors (have > gave)

Question 7

Semantic Access Dyslexia

Answer 7

Broken link between VIL and SS

very poor at reading words

some knowledge of words, but cannot read it

can’t activate precise semantic entry or bring it to consciousness

vague notion of the word, looks familiar, recognize it is a real word, but no strong activation of what word means

Question 8

Direct Dyslexia

Answer 8

Impairment in semantics

Pt does a good job reading aloud but they absolutely BOMB comprehension questions, because they did not process what they were reading

Can read: regular, irregular words but do not understand them

Forced to use whole word route, direct visual bypassing semantic route

Question 9

Deep Dyslexia

Answer 9

Impairment in GPC and Direct Route

cannot read real and non words

make semantic errors

worse at abstract words than concrete (if they CAN read at all, it’s high frequency, concrete, imaginable, sight words)

Question 10

Peripheral Dyslexias

Answer 10

1) Neglect Dyslexia
2) Attentional Dyslexia
3) Letter by letter reading
4) Visual Dyslexia

Question 11

Neglect Dyslexia

Answer 11

Impairment in VAS

Errors preserved at end of word, but incorrect at beginning (1st sound, usually on left side)

Length of word is preserved

Errors=substitutions

purely visual errors

do not show neglect in other domains, just reading

Question 12

Attentional Dyslexia

Answer 12

Impairment in VAS

pure alexia

impaired when >1 time on page

do better if letter surrounded by #

so rare, only 2 documented cases

Question 13

Letter by letter reading

Answer 13

VAS –> VIL impaired

slow word recognition

time increases as the length of the word increases

identify words if read letters aloud (so access ends up going through auditory route)

Question 14

Visual Dyslexia

Answer 14

VAS or VIL affected

Identify words as visually similar ones

grape–>grave, shape