Reading Flashcards
Granularity
How much of the word is represented by one character
Orthographic transparency
How consistently the letters match the sounds
Types of words
Regular, irregular, nonwords
Phonological awareness components
Syllabic awareness
Onset rime awareness
Awareness of phonemes
Measuring syllabic awareness
Tapping task - tap for number of syllables
Same different - puppet who likes similar syllables
Blending - blend two syllables together (sis - ter)
Counting - put out counters for number of syllables
Age of syllabic awareness
Awareness at 5yo Fully developed at 6yo Developed 50% before then Even 3yo can do it a bit (Lieberman et al., 1974)
Measuring onset rime
Oddity task - which word is odd one out
Same different (bun, bus - onset) (spit/wit rime)
Blending
Segmentation - opposite of blending/splitting them up
Complete nursery rhymes
Onset Rime definition
Dividing one syllable words into onsets and rimes
B - onse At - rime (bat)
Onset - initial consonant or cluster
Rimes - vowels and consonants that follow
Age of onset rime
Oddity task - 4/5yo performed above chance
3yo show awareness when using nursery rhymes
Fully developed at 7yo
Phoneme awareness definition
Knowledge of relationship between grapheme and phoneme (letters and sounds).
Doesn’t develop without teaching.
Harder with low orthographic transparency.
Measuring phoneme awareness
Counting - number of phonemes
Tapping - number of phonemes
Same different - (steak/sponge - ‘s’)
Oddity task - odd one out
TREIMAN AND ZUKOWSKI (1991)
Method:
Same different task
Tested syllable, onset rime and phoneme awareness
Results:
Awareness of syllables by 5yo
Onset rime awareness younger but not fully developed til 7yo.
Phoneme awareness slow to develop until 7yo.
Bradley and Bryant (1983) - phonological awareness predicting future
Developed 50% before then
400 4 and 5yo
Follow up at 8 and 9yo
Higher oddity task means higher spelling and reading scores.
Could have been due to SES and book amount (High SES 13 per child).
Chall’s stages of reading development (1979)
Stage 0 (Birth/6yo) - acquire key prerequisites, letters of alphabet and phoneme awareness.
Stage 1 (6/7yo) - phonological recoding, can translate letters into sounds and blend them.
Stage 2 (7/8yo) - fluency in reading simple material.
Stage 3 (9/13yo) - acquire complex info from text and learn from reading.
Stage 4 (13/18yo) - skilled in understanding new information from multiple perspectives.
Frith’s reading stage model - names of stages and ages
Logographic (Birth - 7/8yo)
Alphabetic (7/8 - 9/10yo)
Orthographic (9/10yo+)