Family

Question 1

Parents are seen as:

Answer 1

Direct instructors
Social managers
Indirect socialisers (learning through observation)

Question 2

Two dimensions of parenting

Answer 2

Warmth & Demandingness

Question 3

Authoritarian

Answer 3

Low warmth, high demandingness
Cold and unresponsive
Expect compliance
Threats and punishment

Outcomes:
Poor social skills
Low academic achievment
Low self-esteem

Question 4

Authoritative

Answer 4

High warmth, high demandingness
Warm and responsive
Consistent in discipline
Set limits
Give autonomy

Outcomes:
Psychological competence
High self-esteem
High academic achievment
Popular with peers
Low behavioural issues

Question 5

Permissive

Answer 5

High warmth, low demandingness
Responsive to child’s needs
Lack of limits & discipline
Not consistent

Outcomes:
Impulsive
Lack of self control
Poor academic achievment

Question 6

Neglectful

Answer 6

Low warmth, low demandingness
Focused on own needs
Unresponsive
No limits set

Outcomes:
Attachment issues
Internalising/externalising problems
Poor academic achievment

Question 7

Significance of parenting styles in research

Answer 7

Only moderately associated
Most robust findings with neglectful & authoritative
Other factors affect outcome
Studies are correlational and don’t assume causation
Most research carried out in white, intact families

Question 8

Other moderators of child outcome

Answer 8

Child temperament
Culture/ethnicity
Neighbourhood
Social support
Gender

Harris - parents don’t play a role in development

Question 9

Parent child conflict adolescence

Answer 9

Follows U shape - highest in adolescence
Management aids successful transition to adulthood
Children find it more difficult to cope with conflict
Intense emotions - difficulty expressing negative ones

Question 10

Function of conflict

Answer 10

Product of maturation (Freud)
Due to changes in parent/child relationship
Conflict during adolescence is exaggerated (Collins)

Question 11

Topics of conflict

Answer 11

Talk to parents about school, future & social issues
Don’t disclose about dating
Girls disclose more to mothers
Boys disclose equally to both parents inc. sexual attitudes

Question 12

Laursen et al. (1991) 3 aspects of conflict

Answer 12

Conflict rate + conflict affect = total conflict

Moderate decline in rate of conflict from early to late adolescence

Greater negative affect in mid than early adolescence

Less conflict but more heated in mid than early (less rate, more affect)

Conflict with mother decreases more than with father

More disclosure = positive outcomes
Concealment = mental illness and poor relationship

Question 13

Smetana et al. (2006) - disclosure

Answer 13

15 + 17yo and parents
Measured 10 things e.g. stimuli, trust, disclosure, self-esteem.

RESULTS:
Both agree adolescents should control personal issues.

Both agree parents control pudential (safety), moral (justice) & conventional (manners).

Conflict occurs when adults see it as a personal issue and adolescents don’t.

Boh think prudential disclosed the most and pesronal the least.

Disclose more to mothers than fathers on personal

Mothers overestimate daughter’s discloser

Disclosure predicted by trust and perceived obligation to disclose.

Question 14

Social domain theory

Answer 14

Children learn what is right and wrong from the experiences they have interacting with others.

Question 15

Relevance of sibling relations

Answer 15

Important for learning normative rules, emotion understanding and conflict management.

Rivalry and conflict is essential (differ in age so have power imbalance)

Top conflict is sharing of personal possessions

Question 16

Factors affecting sibling relationship

Answer 16

Parents acceptance of children
Parents relationship - better = children get on more
Divorce - better in non-divorced families
Parental differential treatment

Question 17

Parental differential treatment

Answer 17

Differences in each child’s relationship with parents.

Less favoured child in early childhood = behaviour problems, low self-esteem and worry.

Begin to understand it in early adolescence

Question 18

Developmental outcomes of sibling relationships

Answer 18

Sibling conflict linked with internalising/externalising issues in childhood.

Low quality relationship = social withdrawal, depression and anxiety.

Dunn et al. (1994) - sibling relations in middle school predicted adjustment in adolescence.

Question 19

Parental non-intervention strategy

Answer 19

Parents ignoring or minimising sibling conflict.
Related to more sibling conflict in young children.
A lost opportunity for teaching conflict management

Question 20

Sibling relations in adolescence

Answer 20

Become less intense both positively and negatively.

Same sex dyads closer than opposite sex ones.

Question 21

Campione-Barr & Smetana (2010)

Answer 21

Aim: Examine frequency and intensity of adolescent sibling conflict and relationship quality.

Participants: 115 sibling pairs and their parents.

Method: 20 items on Likert scale (frequency/intensity) and trust/communication scales to assess relationship.

Results:
2 types of conflict - personal & domain

Frequent/intense conflict about invasion of personal domain

Age gaps = intense/frequent conflicts of personal domain

Conflict negatively associated with relationship quality

Sisters closer than brothers

Question 22

Only children

Answer 22

Fablo & Polit (1986)
Receive more attention and resources
Talk more with parents and have positive relationship

Most studies show no differences between them and sibling children.

Question 23

Kitzman et al. (2002)

Answer 23

Compared social competence of only children, 1st and 2nd borns.

6-12yo - peer ratings.

No difference in self concept or loneliness.
2nd borns most liked.
Only children least liked.
Rated as aggressive, victimised and withdrawn

Question 24

Theory of Mind

Answer 24

Children with siblings perform better.

The more siblings the better.

Question 25

Divorce percentage in UK

Answer 25

42% divorced

Question 26

Outcomes of divorce on children

Answer 26

Lower levels of wellbeing.

Divorced mothers show less warmth, harsher discipline, less effective monitoring due to stress and having to work/financial issues.

Increased risk for:
Lower education
Lower income
Higher marital conflict (Bandura, Social Learning)
Weaker parent-child ties
More psychological distress

Question 27

Effect of divorce on children’s relationships

Answer 27

Listen to partners less
More critical
Report more jealousy, moodiness and anger
Express more negative emotions

Divorce runs in families.