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Psychological dynamics references > Readiness for competition and early specialisation > Flashcards

Readiness for competition and early specialisation Flashcards

1
Q

Passer and Wilson 2002 identified 3 prerequisites for readiness for competition as?

A

motivational readiness

cognitive readiness

physical readiness

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2
Q

Motivational readiness occurs when

A

child actively seeks opportunities for social comparison

wishes to evaluate his/her ability relative to peers

benefits more from competition than unstructured play

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3
Q

Motivational readiness age categories identified by paste and wilson 2002 are

A

self-referenced 0-2.5
compete for opportunity 2.5-4
social comparison 4-6
active competition 6-9 (earlier in boys)

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4
Q

Pascuzzi 1981 did a running race study which found

A

placing affects post race self-concept and expectancy beliefs

influenced boys not girls

impacted affective responses, perceptions of ability and expectancy for future success

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5
Q

Butler 1996 paired artwork task found

A

younger children more likely glance for ideas

older for more competitive reasons

ego climates gave more competitive reasons

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6
Q

Donzella et al 2000 memory game found

A

losing experienced: increased HR, tennis, impulsivity, anger and sadness

15% increase elevated cortisol; experienced anger/tension; more likely to be male

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7
Q

Cognitive readiness determined by:

A

informational processing abilities
attributional abilities
role-perspective

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8
Q

Informational processing changes:

A

before 4- easily distracted

10-12 memory impress

memory capacity improves late childhood’ more sophisticated and less cue dependent

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9
Q

Attributional changes

A

children 4-7 attribute outcome to task difficulty

less able to rationalise success and failure

differentiate ability an effort at 9-12. better adapting to failure

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10
Q

Role perspective

A

egocentric before 6

6-8 understand other views

8-10 understand and accept said views

10-12 group prospective

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11
Q

Parental readiness identified by Smoll and Cumming 2006 shows readiness when

A
  • respect childs right to compete
  • allows child to sample sports
  • avoids reverse dependency trap
  • share child with coach
  • avoid being over-protective
  • accept childs disappointments
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12
Q

Physical readiness when

A

primary reason for sports is to display competence

motor skills not fully mature until 8-9

vairaibiliy in physical and motor development is large

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13
Q

less competent athletes experience

A
  • less success, playing time and enjoyment
  • less attention
  • greater anxiety and self-handicapping
  • minimum effort
  • more likely to drop out
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14
Q

late specialisation success story

A

Jim lui (golf) didn’t play till 7

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15
Q

Cote et al 2007 defined specialisation as

A

early involvement in sport

limit participation to single sport;year round

emphasis on deliberate practice

athletic excellence is primary objective

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16
Q

Baker 2003 identified driving factors for specialisation as

A
  • societal emphasis
  • professionalisation and commercialism
  • time at top level limited
  • expansion and intensification of practice/strategies
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17
Q

Ericsson et al 1993 support for specialisation was

law et al 2007 support for specialisation was

A

10 year prep rule

increased emphasis on deliberate practice aided skill acquisition in olympic gymnasts

18
Q

Ronbeck et al 2004 found evidence against specialisation saying

A

elite nordic skiers more time skiing in all styles

19
Q

Barynina et al 1989 found evidence against specialisation saying

A

russian swimmers specialised earlier shorter careers

20
Q

Moesch et al 2011 found evidence against specialisation saying

A

elite danish athletes specialised later on average

21
Q

Soberly & Cote 2003 evidence against specialisation saying

A

elite ice hockey more time deliberate play than practice

22
Q

Guellich et al 2006 studied germane olympic divers finding

A

early success and training frequency did not predict future success

most successful:
didn’t specialise early
sampled sports for longer
more training in others sports completed than early specialisation

23
Q

Hecimovich 2004, Wiersma 2000 and Malina 2010 found pros and cons as

A

Pros
-oppurtunity to excel
-scholarships
fringe benefits

cons

  • phyiscal injury
  • loss transferable skills
  • loss of childhood
  • over dependence
  • family life and education
  • social isolation
24
Q

examples for against maturation

A

Todd Marinovich and Greg norman

25
Q

AAP 2000 position suggests avoiding early excessive training by

A
  • encourage participation in multiple sports
  • seek educated coaches
  • identify signs of risk
  • monitor child development
  • assess nutritional intake
26
Q

Cote et al 2009 ISSP position is that

A

early diversification

1) does not hinder elite participation
2) linked to longer sports career and involvement
3) fosters position youth development
4) emphasis on play; fosters intrinsic motivation
5) builds broad and transferable cognitive/motor skill set
should be encouraged up tp ages 13-15

27
Q

who came up with ISSP prospective?

A

Cote et al 2009

28
Q

year was AAP position established?

A

2000

29
Q

Who discussed pros and cons of early specialisation?

A

Hecimovich 2004, Wiersma 2000 and Malina 2010

30
Q

Who did germane olympic development study?

A

Guellich et al 2006

31
Q

Who did elite nordic skier study?

A

Ronbeck et al 2004

32
Q

who did russian swimmer study?

A

Barynina et al 1989

33
Q

who did elite danish athlete study?

A

Moesch et al 2011

34
Q

Who did elite ice hockey study?

A

Soberlak and Cote 2003

35
Q

who came up with 10 year prep rule?

A

Ericsson et al 1993

36
Q

who suggested early specialisation increased emphasis on deliberate practice

A

law et al 2007

37
Q

who suggested driving factors for early specialisation?

A

Baker 2003

38
Q

Who defined specialisation?

A

Cote et al 2007

39
Q

Who did memory game

A

Donzella et al 2000

40
Q

who did paired artwork task

A

Butler 1996

41
Q

Who did running race study?

A

Pascuzzi 1981

42
Q

Who came up with 3 prerequisites for readiness for competition

A

Passer and Wilson 2002

Psychological dynamics references (4 decks)

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