Readiness for competition and early specialisation Flashcards
Passer and Wilson 2002 identified 3 prerequisites for readiness for competition as?
motivational readiness
cognitive readiness
physical readiness
Motivational readiness occurs when
child actively seeks opportunities for social comparison
wishes to evaluate his/her ability relative to peers
benefits more from competition than unstructured play
Motivational readiness age categories identified by paste and wilson 2002 are
self-referenced 0-2.5
compete for opportunity 2.5-4
social comparison 4-6
active competition 6-9 (earlier in boys)
Pascuzzi 1981 did a running race study which found
placing affects post race self-concept and expectancy beliefs
influenced boys not girls
impacted affective responses, perceptions of ability and expectancy for future success
Butler 1996 paired artwork task found
younger children more likely glance for ideas
older for more competitive reasons
ego climates gave more competitive reasons
Donzella et al 2000 memory game found
losing experienced: increased HR, tennis, impulsivity, anger and sadness
15% increase elevated cortisol; experienced anger/tension; more likely to be male
Cognitive readiness determined by:
informational processing abilities
attributional abilities
role-perspective
Informational processing changes:
before 4- easily distracted
10-12 memory impress
memory capacity improves late childhood’ more sophisticated and less cue dependent
Attributional changes
children 4-7 attribute outcome to task difficulty
less able to rationalise success and failure
differentiate ability an effort at 9-12. better adapting to failure
Role perspective
egocentric before 6
6-8 understand other views
8-10 understand and accept said views
10-12 group prospective
Parental readiness identified by Smoll and Cumming 2006 shows readiness when
- respect childs right to compete
- allows child to sample sports
- avoids reverse dependency trap
- share child with coach
- avoid being over-protective
- accept childs disappointments
Physical readiness when
primary reason for sports is to display competence
motor skills not fully mature until 8-9
vairaibiliy in physical and motor development is large
less competent athletes experience
- less success, playing time and enjoyment
- less attention
- greater anxiety and self-handicapping
- minimum effort
- more likely to drop out
late specialisation success story
Jim lui (golf) didn’t play till 7
Cote et al 2007 defined specialisation as
early involvement in sport
limit participation to single sport;year round
emphasis on deliberate practice
athletic excellence is primary objective
Baker 2003 identified driving factors for specialisation as
- societal emphasis
- professionalisation and commercialism
- time at top level limited
- expansion and intensification of practice/strategies
Ericsson et al 1993 support for specialisation was
law et al 2007 support for specialisation was
10 year prep rule
increased emphasis on deliberate practice aided skill acquisition in olympic gymnasts
Ronbeck et al 2004 found evidence against specialisation saying
elite nordic skiers more time skiing in all styles
Barynina et al 1989 found evidence against specialisation saying
russian swimmers specialised earlier shorter careers
Moesch et al 2011 found evidence against specialisation saying
elite danish athletes specialised later on average
Soberly & Cote 2003 evidence against specialisation saying
elite ice hockey more time deliberate play than practice
Guellich et al 2006 studied germane olympic divers finding
early success and training frequency did not predict future success
most successful:
didn’t specialise early
sampled sports for longer
more training in others sports completed than early specialisation
Hecimovich 2004, Wiersma 2000 and Malina 2010 found pros and cons as
Pros
-oppurtunity to excel
-scholarships
fringe benefits
cons
- phyiscal injury
- loss transferable skills
- loss of childhood
- over dependence
- family life and education
- social isolation
examples for against maturation
Todd Marinovich and Greg norman
AAP 2000 position suggests avoiding early excessive training by
- encourage participation in multiple sports
- seek educated coaches
- identify signs of risk
- monitor child development
- assess nutritional intake
Cote et al 2009 ISSP position is that
early diversification
1) does not hinder elite participation
2) linked to longer sports career and involvement
3) fosters position youth development
4) emphasis on play; fosters intrinsic motivation
5) builds broad and transferable cognitive/motor skill set
should be encouraged up tp ages 13-15
who came up with ISSP prospective?
Cote et al 2009
year was AAP position established?
2000
Who discussed pros and cons of early specialisation?
Hecimovich 2004, Wiersma 2000 and Malina 2010
Who did germane olympic development study?
Guellich et al 2006
Who did elite nordic skier study?
Ronbeck et al 2004
who did russian swimmer study?
Barynina et al 1989
who did elite danish athlete study?
Moesch et al 2011
Who did elite ice hockey study?
Soberlak and Cote 2003
who came up with 10 year prep rule?
Ericsson et al 1993
who suggested early specialisation increased emphasis on deliberate practice
law et al 2007
who suggested driving factors for early specialisation?
Baker 2003
Who defined specialisation?
Cote et al 2007
Who did memory game
Donzella et al 2000
who did paired artwork task
Butler 1996
Who did running race study?
Pascuzzi 1981
Who came up with 3 prerequisites for readiness for competition
Passer and Wilson 2002
