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Renal Week 1 2017/18 > READ ME / 1: Anatomy - upper renal tract > Flashcards

READ ME / 1: Anatomy - upper renal tract Flashcards

1
Q

Thanks for using my flashcards, hope you find them useful!

If you spot any errors or have suggestions, please let me know by clicking the speech bubble or sending me a message. It’s really helpful.

A
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2
Q

The questions are written using the official Dundee lectures, so you might find it useful to have them open in the background in case you get stuck.

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3
Q

I write the questions based on what I think the important facts are, but not everything is relevant. Don’t waste your time learning tiny details.

A
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4
Q

On the other hand, this isn’t everything you need to know - back it up with stuff from tutorials, other people’s questions, Youtube videos, Oxford handbooks etc.

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5
Q

There’s a good chance that older decks will be inaccurate (lectures and guidelines change year to year) so I’ll try to update them in the future.

Break a leg 👍

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the urinary tract?

A

Production and excretion of urine

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7
Q

What are the functions of the

a) kidneys
b) ureters
c) bladder
d) urethra?

A

a) Produces urine

b) Drains urine to bladder

c) Stores and voids urine

d) Excretes urine from body

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8
Q

Which renal organs make up the

a) upper urinary tract
b) lower urinary tract?

A

a) UUT - kidneys, ureters

b) LUT - bladder, urethra

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9
Q

Which renal structure(s)

a) store and void urine
b) excretes urine
c) produces urine
d) drain urine to a?

A

a) Bladder

b) Urethra

c) Kidneys

d) Ureters

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10
Q

Which cavities are the renal organs found in?

A

Abdominal cavity

True pelvic cavity

Perineum

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11
Q

Which renal organs are found in the

a) abdominal cavity
b) true pelvic cavity
c) perineum?

A

a) Kidneys, PROXIMAL ureters

b) DISTAL ureters, bladder , PROXIMAL urethra

c) DISTAL urethra

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12
Q

Where does the abdominal cavity stop and the pelvic cavity start?

A

Iliac crests

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13
Q

Are the kidneys and proximal ureters intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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14
Q

Where are the ureters, bladder and urethra in relation to the peritoneum?

A

Subperitoneal

meaning below

Proximal ureters are retroperitoneal along with the kidneys

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15
Q

Which type of peritoneum is in contact with the anterior surface of the kidneys?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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16
Q

Which important blood vessels of the abdomen are retroperitoneal?

A

Abdominal aorta

Inferior vena cava

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17
Q

The abdominal aorta is found on the patient’s (left / right).

The IVC is found on the patient’s (left / right).

A

AA on the LEFT

IVC on the RIGHT

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18
Q

At which vertebral levels do the

a) abdominal aorta
b) internal vena cava

bifurcate?

A

a) L3/4 - “level of the umbilicus”

b) L5

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19
Q

In which cavity are the

a) bladder
b) kidneys
c) distal urethra
d) proximal ureter
e) distal ureter
f) proximal urethra

found?

A

a) True pelvic cavity

b) Abdominal cavity

c) Perineum

d) Abdominal cavity

e) True pelvic cavity

f) True pelvic cavity

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20
Q

Which part of the kidney is the point where the major blood vessels and ureters insert?

A

Renal hilum

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21
Q

Which glands are found at the superior pole of the kidneys?

A

Adrenal glands

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22
Q

What are the three vessels found in the renal hilum?

A

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

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23
Q

Which is more anterior, the renal artery or vein?

A

Renal vein is ALWAYS anterior to renal artery

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24
Q

The anterior surface of the kidneys is in contact with (parietal / visceral) peritoneum.

A

visceral peritoneum

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25
Q

There are two types of fat around the kidneys. Which fat

a) is found superficial to the kidneys and renal fascia?
b) is liquidy and in direct contact with the kidneys?

A

a) Paranephric fat

b) Perinephric fat

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26
Q

Which fibrous layer surrounds the kidney and is deep to the renal fascia and perinephric fat?

A

Renal capsule

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27
Q

What are two important muscles found

a) medial
b) posterior

to the kidneys?

A

a) Psoas major

b) Quadratus lumborum

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28
Q

Psoas major joins with the illacus to form ___.

What action does this muscle have? Which nerve supplies it?

A

Iliopsoas (anterior compartment of the thigh)

Flexes the thigh

Femoral nerve

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29
Q

What can the abdominal muscles do to protect the kidneys?

A

Contract

“guarding”

30
Q

The kidneys lie ___ to psoas major and ___ to quadratus lumborum.

A

lateral to psoas major

anterior to quadratus lumborum

31
Q

What’s notable about the position of the right kidney?

A

Pushed inferiorly by liver

So it’s lower down than the left kidney

32
Q

What are the vertebral levels of the

a) left kidney
b) right kidney?

A

a) L kidney: T12 - L2

b) R kidney: L1 - L3

“lower lumbar” (doesn’t really help me)

33
Q

Which kidney is bounded by

a) L1 - L3
b) T12 - L2?

A

a) Right kidney

b) Left kidney

34
Q

Which abdominal

a) regions
b) quadrants

are the kidneys found in?

A

a) L and R lumbar regions

b) LUQ and RUQ

35
Q

Which ribs protect the kidneys?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

The floating ribs - doesn’t attach to sternum or costal margin

36
Q

Which can happen if Ribs 11 or 12 are fractured?

A

Kidney injury

37
Q

How do you ballot the kidneys in an abdominal exam?

Should the patient breathe during the exam?

A

Hands anterior and posterior, below 12th rib

Push down with anterior hand and bounce with posterior hand

Yeah, they should inspire

38
Q

In which direction do the kidneys move on

a) expiration
b) inspiration?

A

a) Upwards on expiration

b) Downwards on inspiration

Ballot on inspiration

39
Q

What space is found posterior to the kidneys and can fill with fluid when the patient lies down?

Is it found in males or females?

A

Hepatorenal recess

Both

40
Q

The renal veins are found ___ to the renal arteries.

A

anterior

41
Q

Where are the common iliac arteries found in relation to the common iliac veins?

A

Anterior

opposite of renal vein/artery relationship

42
Q

Where are the

a) common iliac artery and vein
b) renal artery and vein

found in relationship to one another?

A

a) Renal - vein anterior to artery

b) Common iliacs - artery anterior to vein

43
Q

At which level does the abdominal aorta birfurcate into the common iliac arteries?

A

Umbilcus

L3/4

44
Q

Which lymph nodes do the kidneys drain to?

A

Lumbar nodes

45
Q

Which lymph nodes do the ureters drain to?

A

Lumbar nodes

Iliac nodes

46
Q

What is a life-threatening condition involving ballooning of the abdominal aorta?

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

47
Q

What are the two types of abdominal aortic aneurysm relative to the renal arteries?

A

Infrarenal AAA

Suprarenal AAA

48
Q

What can be compromised by a AAA?

A

Renal artery blood flow

49
Q

What term describes narrowing of the renal artery?

A

Renal artery stenosis

50
Q

What can cause renal artery stenosis in

a) infrarenal AAA
b) suprarenal AAA?

A

a) Atherosclerosis

b) Direct occlusion

51
Q

What is the dilated part of the ureter found at the renal hilum?

A

Renal pelvis

52
Q

What are the three layers of the kidney called?

A

Renal capsule

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

53
Q

Where in the kidney are nephrons found?

A

Renal medulla

54
Q

Within the renal medulla, what are nephrons arranged into?

A

Renal pyramids

55
Q

What gives the renal medulla a stripey appearance?

A

Nephrons

56
Q

Where does ultrafiltration of blood occur?

A

Glomerulus

57
Q

What is the path of filtrate from the glomerulus to the collecting ducts?

A

Glomerulus

Proximal tubules

Loop of Henle

Distal tubules

Collecting duct

58
Q

From the collecting duct, how does urine reach the ureter?

A

Collecting duct

Minor calyx

Major calyx

Renal pelvis

59
Q

From the collecting ducts, the renal tract gets wider and wider until it suddenly narrows at the ureter.

What is this site of constriction called?

A

Pelviureteric junction

60
Q

The ___ ___ narrows to form the ___ at the pelviureteric junction.

A

renal pelvis

ureter

61
Q

The pelviureteric junction is a site of anatomical constriction.

What are the other two?

A

1. Point where ureter crosses anterior to common iliac artery

2. Ureteric orifice

62
Q

What’s the proper name for kidney stones?

A

Renal calculi

63
Q

Renal calculi can ___ the urinary tract.

A

block

64
Q

What are some causes of ureteric obstruction?

A

Internally - blood clot, renal calculus

Externally - tumour

65
Q

Which type of muscle lines the urinary tract?

A

Smooth muscle

66
Q

How does the body attempt to expel blockages from the urinary tract?

What symptom can this cause?

A

Peristalsis

Renal colic

67
Q

What is the definition of renal failure?

A

Failure of the kidneys to adequately filter the blood to produce urine

68
Q

How can renal calculi cause renal failure?

A

Backflow of urine causes increased back pressure

Eventually exceeds pressure required to stop glomerular filtration

69
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Dilation of the renal calyces / pelvis caused by excess fluid in the kidneys

Usually secondary to obstruction

70
Q

How can ureteric obstruction cause hydronephrosis?

A

Backflow of urine to the kidneys

71
Q

Why does hydronephrosis cause pain?

A

Stretching of the renal capsule

Renal Week 1 2017/18 (9 decks)

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