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Renal Week 1 2017/18 > 5: Histology > Flashcards

5: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

The kidneys maintain homeostasis of what?

A

Water and electrolytes

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2
Q

What do the kidneys excrete?

A

Toxic metabolites

e.g urea and creatitine

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3
Q

The kidneys are (exocrine/endocrine) glands.

What do they secrete?

A

endocrine glands

renin, erythropoietin

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4
Q

Are the kidneys intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

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5
Q

Which structures anchor the renal cortex to the pyramids of the renal medulla?

A

Renal columns

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6
Q

What structures does the urine drain through to reach the minor calyces?

A

Renal papillae

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7
Q

What is the renal capsule made up of?

A

Collagen

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8
Q

What are the functional units of the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

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9
Q

What are the two broad areas of a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscule

Renal tubule all the way up to collecting ducts

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10
Q

Where does the renal corpuscle start and end?

A

Glomerulus

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11
Q

Where do the renal tubules start and end?

A

After glomerulus

Before collecting duct

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12
Q

What cup of squamous epithelium do capillaries invaginate in the glomerulus?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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13
Q

What brings and drains blood from the glomerulus?

A

Afferent and efferent arterioles

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14
Q

What is the specialised epithelium which lines glomerular capillaries?

A

Podocytes

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15
Q

What is the connective tissue of the kidney called?

A

Mesangium

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16
Q

How thick is the basal lamina of glomerular capillaries compared to normal cells?

A

Very thick

17
Q

What is the purpose of the mesangium?

A

Supports the glomerulus and clears debris

18
Q

What is the purpose of the proximal tubules of the kidney?

A

Reabsorbs water, protein, AAs, carbohydrates and glucose

19
Q

What is a feature of proximal tubular cells which allows them to absorb loads of stuff?

A

Big brush border, loads of microvilli

20
Q

How are

a) sodium
b) glucose and amino acids

absorbed by PCT cells?

A

a) Active transport and diffusion

b) Co-transport (SGLT2)

21
Q

Which organelles generate the ATP that PCT cells require to work?

A

Mitochondria

22
Q

What is the purpose of the loop of Henle?

A

Creation of a hyperosmotic environment

23
Q

What are the loopy blood vessels which supply the interstitium of the renal medulla and cortex?

A

Vasa recta

24
Q

What is the function of the distal convuluted tubules?

A

Acid-base and water balance

25
Q

Which hormone controls water reabsorption by the kidneys?

”” Na””?

A

ADH

Aldosterone

26
Q

Which hormone controls sodium reabsorption by the distal tubules?

A

Aldosterone

27
Q

Which hormone controls water absorption from the collecting ducts?

A

ADH

28
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Distal convoluted tubule loops back and runs by glomerulus

29
Q

What are the three types of cells which make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Macula densa cells (sense ion concentrations and send impulses to renin-producing cells and arterioles, adjusting filtration rate of glomerulus)

Juxtaglomerular cells (secrete renin into afferent arterioles > capillaries and out again)

Mesangial cells (connective tissue, join distal convuluted tubule to glomerulus)

30
Q

Where is urine produced?

A

Renal papilla

31
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the conducting pathway for urine (i.e renal papilla to urethra)?

A

Transitional epithelium / urothelium

32
Q

What shape are the luminal cells of the urine conducting pathway i.e the cells which face the urine?

A

Umbrella cells

33
Q

What is found below the urothelium?

A

Lamina propria (connective tissue)

Smooth muscle

34
Q

What smooth muscle lines the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

35
Q

Which type of autonomic nerve supplies the detrusor muscle?

A

Parasympathetic

36
Q

What are the changes in epithelium for the urothelium of the prostatic urethra to the

a) membranous urethra
b) penile urethra?

A

a) Stratified columnar

b) Stratified squamous (mucosa)

Renal Week 1 2017/18 (9 decks)

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