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Biochemistry > Reactive Oxygen Species > Flashcards

Reactive Oxygen Species Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoxia inducing factor (HIF) is a_________in response to hypoxia

A

Transcriptional regulator

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2
Q

HIF under normal conditions is recognized by the enzyme________which hydroxylate it which are then recognized by_______that ubiquinates it for degradation

A

PHD (Prolyl hydroxylase);VHL

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3
Q

Under hypoxia conditions, HIF -1 alpha and HIF-1 beta bind to________on the DNA as a transcription factor to drive the expression of genes for_______

A

HRE (Hypoxia response element); glycolysis, increase RBC’s

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4
Q

Mitochondrial diseases derive from the________of the ETC

A

Overuse

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5
Q

Overuse of the electron transport chain causes a leakage of________which increases the likelihood of producing ROS

A

Electrons

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6
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation disorders can derive from____________which are responsible for building the ETC

A

mutations in mitochondrial genome

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7
Q

ROS’s have what kind of effect on mitochondria

A

Decrease ATP and electrochemical potential

Lactic acid build up

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8
Q

Mitochondrial disorder effect what kinds of cells

A

Cells which require high ATP

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9
Q

Name the common free radicals

A

Superoxide
Hydroxyl radical

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10
Q

Superoxide formed by

A

adding 1 electron to O2

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11
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is formed by

A

Adding 1 electron and 2 protons to superoxide

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12
Q

An unavoidable byproduct of the ETC is

A

Superoxide

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13
Q

_________is a major site of ROS production

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

Reacting hydrogen peroxide with an H ion and an electron forms the radical

A

Hydroxyl

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15
Q

Superoxide is mainly generated in which sites of the ETC

A

Complex 1 and 3

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16
Q

Peroxisomes are a sight for which ROS during fatty acid oxidation? How are they formed?

A

Hydrogen peroxide; transfer of electrons from FADH2 to O2

17
Q

This family of enzymes catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to O2 to form superoxide

A

NADPH oxidase

18
Q

NADPH oxidases are found in________ and produce ROS to kill engulfed microbes within the cell

A

Membranes of phagolysosomes in immune cells

19
Q

The enzyme_______catalyzes the formation of________from_______which then attacks bacteria

A

Myeloperoxidase; HOCL (Hypochlorus acid); hydrogen peroxide and Cl

20
Q

ROS can effect DNA by

A

Alterating nucleotide bases
Break the depxyribose backbone
Programmed cell death if DNA cannot be prepared

21
Q

ROS can effect Lipids by

A

Lipid peroxidation which changes membrane viscosity,

increasing membrane permeability for calcium

Increasing membrane permeability to increase swelling

22
Q

ROS can effect proteins by

A

Amino acid conversions
Cleavage of peptide bonds

23
Q

This enzyme is the primary defence against ROS which converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and O2

A

Superoxide dismutase

24
Q

The gene encodes for superoxide dismutase

A

SOD1

25
Q

Superoxide dismutase is found in

A

Mitochondria, cytosol, and extracellularly

26
Q

This enzyme promotes the reaction of converting H2O2 to water and O2

A

Catalase

27
Q

Catalases are found in_______and are high yield in the kidney and liver

A

Peroxisomes

28
Q

Catalases protect the cell from

A

Respiratory burst

29
Q

This enzyme exists as a family of selenium enzymes and are the means for converting H2O2 outside of peroxisomes

A

Glutathione

30
Q

__________is essential for protection against free radical injury and is provided by the penthouse phosphate pathway

A

NADPH

31
Q

GSH is oxidized to form GSSG which turns H2O2 into H2O using________as the enzyme

A

Glutathione peroxidase

32
Q

This enzyme in the pentode phosphate pathway maintains a high NADPH ratio and is the rate limiting step for the pentode phosphate pathway

A

G6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase)

33
Q

G6PDH is inhibited by_____ and activated by_____

A

NADPH; NADP

34
Q

Nrf2 is a______which activates the antioxidant response element

A

Transcription factor

35
Q

Antioxidant response element (ARE) dependent enzymes include

A

Catalase and superoxide dismutase

36
Q

Nrf2 is bound to an inactive form when bound to________which directs ubiquitination of Nrf2 under normal conditions

A

Keap1

37
Q

Nrf2 is activated under________by dissociation of Keap1

A

Oxidative stress

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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