Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solution Flashcards by Lucy Williams

What happens when transition metal salts are in water?

Those readily soluble in water form metal-aqua complex ions when dissolving in water

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Describe the structure of a metal-aqua ion.

Water molecules are ligands attached to central transition metal cation by dative covalent bonding from lone pairs on oxygen

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What are two common 3+ aqua ions?

[Fe(H2O)6]³⁺ (aq)
2[Al(H2O)6]³⁺ (aq)

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What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base?

A substance which can behave as proton acceptor

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What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid?

A substamce which can behave as a proton donor

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How does Lewis differ from Bronsted-Lowry?

Interprets acid-base reactions in terms of electron pairs movements rather than proton transfer

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What is the Lewis definition of an acid?

A species which can bond by accepting a lone pair of electrons

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What is the Lewis definition of a base?

A species which can bond by donating a lone pair of electrons

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What is the metal in a metal-aqua complex ion?

Lewis acid

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What is the water in a metal-aqua complex ion?

Lewis base

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How is charge density found?

Charge density = charge on ion / volume of ion

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Why does higher charge density result in more acidic solution?

Higher charge density pulls water molecules more strongly, weakens OH bond and so more dissociation

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What name is given to splitting of water molecules?

Hydrolysis reaction

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What colour is Fe²⁺ aq ion?

Pale green

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What colour is Cu²⁺ aq ion?

Pale blue

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What colour is Al³⁺ aq ion?

Colourless

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What colour is Fe³⁺ aq ion?

Pale orange

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What is result of reaction between Fe²⁺ aqua ion and OH-?

Dark green precipitate
Insoluble in excess

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What is result of reaction between Cu²⁺ aqua ion and OH-?

Light blue precipitate
Insoluble in excess

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What is result of reaction between Al³⁺ aqua ion and OH-?

White precipitate
Quickly redissolves in excess

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What is result of reaction between Fe³⁺ aqua ion and OH-?

Red-brown precipitate
Insoluble in excess

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What is result of reaction between Fe²⁺ aqua ion and NH₃?

Dark green precipitate
Insoluble in excess

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What is result of reaction between Cu²⁺ aqua ion and NH₃?

Light blue precipitate
Soluble in excess

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What is result of reaction between Al³⁺ aqua ion and NH₃?

White precipitate
Insoluble in excess

What is result of reaction between Fe³⁺ aqua ion and NH₃?

Red-brown precipitate Insoluble in excess

What is result of reaction between Fe²⁺ aqua ion and CO₃²⁻?

Green precipitate

What is result of reaction between Cu²⁺ aqua ion and CO₃²⁻?

Blue precipitate

What is result of reaction between Al³⁺ aqua ion and CO₃²⁻?

White precipitate with bubbles

What is result of reaction between Fe³⁺ aqua ion and CO₃²⁻?

Red-brown precipitate with bubbles

What is the dark green precipitate formed when iron(II) aqua ions react with hydroxide or ammonia ions?

Hydrated iron(II) hydroxide

What is the first equation in the two-step process of reaction of iron(II) aqua ions with hydroxide ions?

[Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → [Fe(H₂O)₅(OH)]⁺ (aq) + H₂O (l)

What is the second equation in the two-step process of reaction of iron(II) aqua ions with hydroxide ions?

[Fe(H₂O)₅(OH)]⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → Fe(H₂O)₄(OH)₂ (s) + H₂O (l)

What is the equation for overall reaction of iron(II) aqua ions with ammonia?

[Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ (aq) + 2NH₃ (aq) → Fe(H₂O)₄(OH)₂ (s) + 2NH₄⁺ (aq)

What is the equation for overall reaction of iron(II) aqua ions with carbonate ions?

[Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ (aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) → FeCO₃ (s) + 6H₂O (l)

What is the light blue precipitate formed when copper(II) aqua ions react with hydroxide ions?

Hydrated copper(II) hydroxide

What is the first equation in the two-step process of reaction between iron(II) aqua ions and hydroxide ions?

[Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → [Cu(H₂O)₅(OH)]⁺ (aq) + H₂O (l)

What is the second equation in the two-step process of reaction between iron(II) aqua ions and hydroxide ions?

[Cu(H₂O)₅(OH)]⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → Cu(H₂O)₄(OH)₂ (s) + H₂O (l)

What is the equation for initial reaction of copper(II) aqua ions with ammonia?

[Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ (aq) + 2NH₃ (aq) → Cu(H₂O)₄(OH)₂ (s) + 2NH₄⁺ (aq)

What is the equation for reaction of copper(II) aqua ions with excess ammonia?

Cu(H₂O)₄(OH)₂ (s) + 4NH₃ (aq) → [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) + 2H₂O (l)

What is the equation for overall reaction of copper(II) aqua ions with carbonate ions?

[Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ (aq) + CO₃²⁻ (aq) → CuCO₃ (s) + 6H₂O (l)

What is the white precipitate formed when aluminium(III) aqua ions react with hydroxide and ammonia ions?

Hydrated aluminium hydroxide

What is the first equation in the three-step process of reaction between aluminium(III) aqua ions and hydroxide ions?

[Al(H₂O)₆]³⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → [Al(H₂O)₅(OH)]²⁺ (aq) + H₂O (l)

What is the second equation in the three-step process of reaction between aluminium(III) aqua ions and hydroxide ions?

[Al(H₂O)₅(OH)]²⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → [Al(H₂O)₄(OH)₂]⁺ (aq) + H₂O (l)

What is the third equation in the three-step process of reaction between aluminium(III) aqua ions and hydroxide ions?

[Al(H₂O)₄(OH)₂]⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → Al(H₂O)₃(OH)₃ (s) + H₂O (l)

What is the equation for overall reaction of aluminium(III) aqua ions with ammonia?

[Al(H₂O)₆]³⁺ (aq) + 3NH₃ (aq) → Al(H₂O)₃(OH)₃ (s) + 3NH₄⁺ (aq)

What is the equation for overall reaction of aluminium(III) aqua ions with carbonate ions?

2[Al(H₂O)6]³⁺ + 3CO₃²⁻ (aq) → 2Al(H₂O)₃(OH)₃ (s) + 3CO₂ (g) + 3H₂O (l)

What is the red-brown precipitate formed when iron(III) aqua ions react with hydroxide and ammonia ions?

Hydrated iron(III) hydroxide

What is the first equation in the three-step process of reaction between iron(III) aqua ions and hydroxide ions?

[Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → [Fe(H₂O)₅(OH)]²⁺ (aq) + H₂O (l)

What is the second equation in the three-step process of reaction between iron(III) aqua ions and hydroxide ions?

[Fe(H₂O)₅(OH)]²⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → [Fe(H₂O)₄(OH)₂]⁺ (aq) + H₂O (l)

What is the third equation in the three-step process of reaction between iron(III) aqua ions and hydroxide ions?

[Fe(H₂O)₄(OH)₂]⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → Fe(H₂O)₃(OH)₃ (s) + H₂O (l)

What is the equation for overall reaction of iron(III) aqua ions with ammonia?

[Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ (aq) + 3NH₃ (aq) → Fe(H₂O)₃(OH)₃ (s) + 3NH₄⁺ (aq)

What is the equation for overall reaction of iron(III) aqua ions with carbonate ions?

2[Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ (aq) + 3CO₃²⁻ (aq) → 2Fe(H₂O)₃(OH)₃ (s) + 3CO₂ (g) + 3H₂O (l)

What is meant by amphoteric?

Reacts as both acid and base

Which hydroxide is classed as amphoteric?

Aluminium hydroxide

How does aluminium hydroxide react with water?

Insoluble in water

How does aluminium hydroxide react with dilute HCl?

Dissolves readily

What is the equation for reaction between aluminium hydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid?

Al(OH)₃(H₂O)₃ (s) + 3HCl (aq) → [Al(H₂O)₆]³⁺ (aq) + 3Cl⁻ (aq)

What is the equation for reaction between aluminium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide?

Al(OH)₃(H₂O)₃(s) + NaOH (aq) → Na[Al(OH)₄] (aq) + 3H₂O (l)