Reaction Pathways Flashcards
conditions and type of reaction for Alkane -> Haloalkane
Free radical substitution
UV light
Alkene -> Alkane
conditions/reagents: Ni/H2
Reaction: reduction
Alkene -> Haloalkane
Reagents: Hydrogen Halide
Reaction: Electrophilic addition
Haloalkane -> Nitrile
reagents/conditions: CN- in ethanol solvent
reaction: nucleophillic substitution
Haloalkane -> Amine
Conditions/reagents: excess ammonia dissolved in ethanol (ethanolic ammonia)
Nitrile -> amine
reagents/conditions: H2/Ni
Type of reaction: reduction
Alkene -> Alcohol
reagents/conditions: H2O (steam)/H3PO4
reaction: Hydration
Alcohol -> Alkene
reagents/conditions: H3PO4 or H2SO4/ heat
Other product: H2O
Alcohol -> Ketone/carboxylic acid
reagents/conditions:K2Cr2O7/H2SO4/reflux
other product: H2O
Type of reaction: Oxidation
Alcohol -> Aldehyde
reagents/conditions:K2Cr2O7/H2SO4/distillation
Other product: water
Alcohol/carboxylic acid -> ester
Equation: alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water
Conditions: conc H2SO4
Reaction; esterification
Ketone -> Alcohol
reagents/conditions: NaBH4/H2O
Equation: Ketone + 2[H] -> Alcohol
Mechanism: nucleophillic additions
Ketone/Aldehyde -> Hydroxynitrile
Conditions/reagents: NaCN/H+
Equation: ketone/aldehyde + HCN -> hydroxynitrile
Aldehyde -> carboxylic acid
reagents/conditions: K2Cr2O7/H2SO4/reflux
Reaction: oxidation
Hydroxynitrile/nitrile -> carboxylic acid
reagents/conditions: H2O/HCl/heat
reaction: Hydrolysis
Ester -> carboxylic acid
reagents/conditions: dilute acid/heat/water
reaction: acid hydrolysis
Equation: Ester + water -> carboxylic acid + alcohol
Ester -> carboxylate
reagents/conditions: OH-/heat - reflux
reaction: alkaline hydrolysis
Equation: ester + OH- -> carboxylate + alcohol
Carboxylic acid -> acyl chloride
reagents: SOCl2
Equation: carboxylic acid + SOCl2 -> acyl chloride + SO2 + HCl
Acyl chloride -> primary amide
Reagents: NH3
Other product: NH4Cl
Acyl chloride -> secondary amide
reagents: primary amine
other product: RCH3NH3+Cl-
Benzene -> nitrobenzene
conditions/reagents: conc HNO3/conc H2SO4
reaction: nitration
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
Equation: HNO3 + H2SO4 -> NO2+ + HSO4- + H2O
Benzene + NO2 -> nitrobenzene + H+
H+ + HSO4- -> H2SO4
Nitrobenzene -> phenylamine
reagents/conditions: 1.Sn/HCl 2. excess NaOH
reaction: reduction
equation: nitrobenzene + 6[H] -> phenylamine + 2H2O
phenyl amine -> 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine
reagents: Br2
equation: phenylamine + 3BR2 -> 3HBr + tribromophenylamine
benzene -> bromobenzene
reagents/conditions: Br2/FeBR3 or AlBr3 Mechanism: electrophillic substitution Equation: FeBr3 + Br2 -> FeBr4- + Br+ benzene + Br+ -> bromobenzene + H+ H+ + FeBr4- -> FeBr3 + HBr
benzene -> chlorobenzene
reagents/conditions: chlorine/ FeCl3
Mechanism: electrophillic substitution
Equation: Cl2 + benzne -> chlorobenzene + HCl
benzene -> phenylethanone
reagents/conditions: CH3COCl/FeCl3
Reaction: Acylation
Equation: benzene + CH3COCl -> HCl + phenyethanone
phenylethanone -> phenylethanol
reagents: NaBH4
mechanism: nucleophillic addition
equation: phenylethanone + 2[H] -> phenylethanol
Benzene -> methylbenzene
Reagents/conditions: CH3Cl/AlCl3
reaction: alkylation
Equation: benzene + CH3Cl -> methylbenzene + HCl
phenol -> bromophenol
Reagents: Br2
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
Equation: phenol + Br2 -> HBr + bromophenol
phenol -> phenoxide ion
reagent: NaOH
Equation: phenol + NaOH -> C6H5O-Na+ +H2O
phenol -> nitrophenol
reagent: dilute HNO3
Equation: phenol + HNO3 -> nitrophenol + H2O
