REACTION MECHANISMS - CONDITIONS

Question 1

alkane to haloalkane

Answer 1

Halogen, UV
Radical substitution

Question 2

alkene to haloalkane

Answer 2

Conc. HBr (room temp)
Electrophilic addition

Question 3

alkene to dihaloalkane

Answer 3

Electrophilic addition
Br2, organic solvent (room temp)

Question 4

alkene to alkane

Answer 4

H2 (g), Ni catalyst at 150oC and 5 atm pressure
Electrophilic addition

Question 5

alkene to alchol

Answer 5

Steam and acid catalyst e.g.
Conc. H2SO4 followed by H2O OR H2O(g) phosphoric acid catalyst 300oC and 65atm

Electrophilic addition

Question 6

alkene to plolymer

Answer 6

Thermal/catalytic
Addition polymerisation

Question 7

halogenoalkane to amine

Answer 7

Conc. NH3 (aq), heat in a sealed tube, ethanol solvent
Nucleophilic substitution

Question 8

halogenoalkane to alcohol

Answer 8

NaOH (aq), reflux
Nucleophilic substitution

Question 9

halogenoalkane to alkene

Answer 9

NOH- in pure ethanol, reflux
Elimination

Question 10

primary alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 10

Acidified potassium dichromate VI, distilled
Oxidation

Question 11

primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

Answer 11

Acidified potassium dichromate VI, reflux
Oxidation

Question 12

secondary alcohol to ketone

Answer 12

Acidified potassium dichromate VI, reflux
Oxidation

Question 13

primary alcohol to alkene

Answer 13

conc. H2SO4 reflux
Dehydration (elimination)

Question 14

primary alcohol to a haloalkane

Answer 14

HCl(aq)
Nucleophilic substitution

Question 15

primary alcohol to ester

Answer 15

Carboxylic acid, conc, H2SO4 catalyst, reflux
Esterification

Question 16

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 16

Acidified potassium dichromate VI, reflux
oxidation

Question 17

aldehyde to primary alcohol

Answer 17

NaBH4
Reduction/nucleophilic addition

Question 18

aldehyde to hydroxy nitrile

Answer 18

HCN
Nucleophilic addition

Question 19

ketone to secondary alcohol

Answer 19

NaBH4
Reduction//nucleophilic addition

Question 20

ketone to hydroxynitrile

Answer 20

HCN (+ alkali)
Nucleophilic addition

Question 21

carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 21

Alcohol, conc. H2SO4 reflux
Esterification

Question 22

carboxylic acid to carboxylate salt

Answer 22

NaOH(aq), or MgO
Acid-base

Question 23

ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol

Answer 23

Reflux with aqueous acid
Hydrolysis

Question 24

ester to carboxylate and alcohol

Answer 24

Reflux with an alkali
Hydrolysis

Question 25

carboxylic acid to carboxylate salt and hydrogen

Answer 25

Metal neutralisation

Question 26

haloalkane to secondary amine

Answer 26

Ethanolic amine/ a Nucleophilic substitution

Question 27

haloalkane to nitrile

Answer 27

CN- , ethanol, reflux Nucleophillic substitution

Question 28

acyl chloride to ester

Answer 28

Phenol, H2SO4 catalyst, reflux Esterification

Question 29

acyl chloride to primary amine

Answer 29

Conc. NH3 (aq) room temp. Nucleophilic substitution

Question 30

acyl chloride to secondary amine

Answer 30

Amine, R-NH2, room temp Nucleophilic substitution

Question 31

benzene to nitrobenzene

Answer 31

Nitric acid, sulphuric acid, room temp nitration Electrophilic substitituion

Question 32

benzene to halobenzene

Answer 32

FeCl3 / Cl2 or FeBr3 / Br2 Halogenation, (electrophilic substitution)

Question 33

benzene to acylated benzene

Answer 33

FeCl3 / Cl-R or FeBr3 / Br-R Alkylation

Question 34

nitrobenzene to primary amine benzene

Answer 34

Sn, Conc HCl reduction

Question 35

haloalkane to nitrile

Answer 35

CN- , ethanol, reflux Nucleophillic substitution

Question 36

nitrile to amine

Answer 36

H2, Ni reduction

Question 37

nitrile to carboxylic acid and ammonia salt

Answer 37

Water, strong acid catalyst, heat hydrolysis