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AWS Cert > RDS > Flashcards

RDS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the best way to instantiate RDS quickly

A

Restore from a snapshot: the database will have schemas and data ready!

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2
Q

What is the best way to instantiate EBS quickly

A

Restore from a snapshot: the disk will already be formatted and have data!

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3
Q

What does RDS stand for??

A

Relational Database Service

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4
Q

What Databases do RDS support (6)

A
  • Postgres
  • MySQL
  • MariaDB
  • Oracle
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Aurora (AWS Proprietary database)
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5
Q
  • Automated provisioning, OS patching
  • Continuous backups and restore to specific timestamp (Point in Time Restore)!
  • Monitoring dashboards
  • Read replicas for improved read performance
  • Multi AZ setup for DR (Disaster Recovery)
  • Maintenance windows for upgrades
  • Scaling capability (vertical and horizontal)
  • Storage backed by EBS (gp2 or io1)
A

RDS

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6
Q

Can you SSH into your RDS instance??

A

NO

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7
Q
  • Helps you increase storage on your RDS DB instance dynamically
  • When RDS detects you are running out of free database storage, it scales automatically
A

RDS – Storage Auto Scaling

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8
Q

You have to set ____________ (maximum limit for DB storage)

A

Maximum Storage Threshold

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9
Q

RDS – Storage Auto Scaling automatically modify storage if _____ (3)

A
  • Free storage is less than 10% of allocated storage
  • Low-storage lasts at least 5 minutes
  • 6 hours have passed since last modification
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10
Q

RDS – Storage Auto Scaling is Useful for applications with ____________

A

unpredictable workloads

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11
Q

Does RDS - Storage Auto Scaling support all RDS database engines??

A

YES
……….
MariaDB
MySQL
PostgreSQL
SQL Server
Oracle

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12
Q

How many read replicas can an RDS instance have

A

up to 15 replicas

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13
Q

Can you have RDS in Within AZ, Cross AZ or Cross Region

A

YES

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14
Q

What type of replication does RDS have?

A

Async

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15
Q

Can RDS replicas be promoted to their own DB??

A

YES

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16
Q

Applications must update the __________ to leverage read replicas

A

connection string

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17
Q
  • You have a production database that is taking on normal load
  • You want to run a reporting application to run some analytics
  • You create a Read Replica to run the new workload there
  • The production application is unaffected
  • Read replicas are used for SELECT (=read) only kind of statements (not INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
A

RDS Read Replicas – Use Cases

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18
Q

Is there a cost, in AWS, when data goes from one AZ to another??

A

YES

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19
Q

Is there a cost, in AWS, for RDS Read Replicas within the same region??

A

NO

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20
Q

What type of replication does RDS Multi AZ (Disaster Recovery) have??

A

SYNC

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21
Q
  • One DNS name – automatic app failover to standby
  • Increase availability
  • Failover in case of loss of AZ, loss of network, instance or storage failure
  • No manual intervention in apps
  • Not used for scaling
A

RDS Multi AZ (Disaster Recovery)

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22
Q

What is the downtime to switch from a single AZ to a multi-AZ??

A

0 downtime

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23
Q

What happens internally when you switch from single AZ to a multi AZ??

A
  • A snapshot is taken
  • A new DB is restored from the snapshot in a new AZ
  • Synchronization is established between the two databases
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24
Q

Managed Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server Database with OS and database customization

A

RDS Custom

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25
Q

Allows you access to the underlying database and OS so you can
* Configure settings
* Install patches
* Enable native features
* Access the underlying EC2 Instance using SSH or SSM Session Manager

A

RDS Custom

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26
Q

Aurora is “AWS cloud optimized” and claims 5x performance improvement over _________ on RDS, over 3x the performance of _________ on RDS

A

MySQL
Postgres

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27
Q

Aurora storage automatically grows in increments of _________, up to ________.

A

10GB
128 TB

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28
Q

What is Aurora’s replica lag time???

A

sub 10ms

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29
Q

Are Failovers in Aurora is instantaneous????

A

YES

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30
Q

Does Aurora cost more?? If so, how much more??

A

YES.
20%

31
Q

6 copies of your data across 3 AZ:
* 4 copies out of 6 needed for writes
* 3 copies out of 6 need for reads
* Self healing with peer-to-peer replication
* Storage is striped across 100s of volumes

A

RDS Aurora

32
Q

Automated failover for master in less than _________

A

30 seconds

33
Q

Can RDS Aurora support Cross Region Replication

A

YES

34
Q
  • Automatic fail-over
  • Backup and Recovery
  • Isolation and security
  • Industry compliance
  • Push-button scaling
  • Automated Patching with Zero Downtime
  • Advanced Monitoring
  • Routine Maintenance
  • Backtrack: restore data at any point of time without using backups
A

Features of Aurora (9)

35
Q
  • Automated database instantiation and auto- scaling based on actual usage
  • Good for infrequent, intermittent or unpredictable workloads
  • No capacity planning needed
  • Pay per second, can be more cost-effective
A

Aurora Serverless

36
Q
  • In case you want continuous write availability for the writer nodes
  • Every node does R/W - vs promoting a Read Replica as the new master
A

Aurora Multi-Master

37
Q
  • Useful for disaster recovery
  • Simple to put in place
A

Aurora Cross Region Read Replicas:

38
Q
  • 1 Primary Region (read / write)
  • Up to 5 secondary (read-only) regions, replication lag is less than 1 second
  • Up to 16 Read Replicas per secondary region
  • Helps for decreasing latency
  • Promoting another region (for disaster recovery) has an RTO of < 1 minute
  • Typical cross-region replication takes less than 1 second
A

Aurora Global Database (recommended):

39
Q

Enables you to add ___________ predictions to your applications via SQL

A

Aurora Machine Learning

40
Q

What are 2 supported services by Aurora Machine learning?

A
  • Amazon SageMaker (use with any ML model)
  • Amazon Comprehend (for sentiment analysis)
41
Q

Are RDS Backups Automated??

A

YES

42
Q

How often are full RDS backups taken??

A

Daily (During the backup window)

43
Q

Transaction logs are backed-up by RDS every __________ minutes

A

5

44
Q

Doe you have the ability to restore RDS to any point in time??

A

YES

45
Q

How to disable RDS backups??

A

Set retention to 0

46
Q

What is the retention of Manual DB snapshots??

A

As long as you want

47
Q

Trick: in a stopped RDS database, you will still pay for storage. If you plan on stopping it for a long time, you should snapshot & restore instead

A
48
Q

Aurora Backups -
* 1 to 35 days (cannot be disabled)
* point-in-time recovery in that timeframe

A

Automated backups

49
Q

Aurora Backups -
* Manually triggered by the user
* Retention of backup for as long as you want

A

Manual DB Snapshots

50
Q

Restoring a RDS / Aurora backup or a snapshot creates a _______?

A

new database

51
Q

Restoring MySQL RDS database from S3 (3)

A
  • Create a backup of your on-premises database
  • Store it on Amazon S3 (object storage)
  • Restore the backup file onto a new RDS instance running MySQL
52
Q

Restoring MySQL Aurora cluster from S3 (3)

A
  • Create a backup of your on-premises database using Percona XtraBackup
  • Store the backup file on Amazon S3
  • Restore the backup file onto a new Aurora cluster running MySQL
53
Q
  • Create a new Aurora DB Cluster from an existing one
  • Faster than snapshot & restore
  • Uses copy-on-write protocol
  • Initially, the new DB cluster uses the same data volume as the original DB cluster (fast and efficient – no copying is needed)
  • When updates are made to the new DB cluster data, then additional storage is allocated and data is copied to be separated
  • Very fast & cost-effective
  • Useful to create a “staging” database from a “production” database without impacting the production database
A

Aurora Database Cloning

54
Q

RDS & Aurora Security -
* Database master & replicas encryption using AWS KMS – must be defined as launch time
* If the master is not encrypted, the read replicas cannot be encrypted
* To encrypt an un-encrypted database, go through a DB snapshot & restore as encrypted

A

At-rest encryption:

55
Q

RDS & Aurora Security … TLS-ready by default, use the AWS TLS root certificates client-side

A

In-flight encryption

56
Q

IAM roles to connect to your database (instead of username/pw)

A

IAM Authentication

57
Q

Control Network access to your RDS / Aurora DB

A

Security Groups

58
Q

Is SSH available for RDS / Aurora?

A

No, but it is for RDS Custom

59
Q

RDS & Aurora Security - Audit Logs can be ________ and sent to _______ for longer retention

A

enabled
CloudWatch Logs

60
Q
  • Fully managed
  • Allows apps to pool and share DB connections established with the database
  • Improving database efficiency by reducing the stress on database resources (e.g., CPU, RAM) and minimize open connections (and timeouts)
  • Serverless, autoscaling, highly available (multi-AZ)
  • Reduced RDS & Aurora failover time by up 66%
  • Supports RDS (MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB, MS SQL Server) and Aurora (MySQL, PostgreSQL)
  • No code changes required for most apps
  • Enforce IAM Authentication for DB, and securely
    store credentials in AWS Secrets Manager
  • Is never publicly accessible (must be accessed from VPC)
A

Amazon RDS Proxy

61
Q
  • Caches are in-memory databases with really high performance, low latency
  • Helps reduce load off of databases for read intensive workloads
  • Helps make your application stateless
  • AWS takes care of OS maintenance / patching, optimizations, setup, configuration, monitoring, failure recovery and backups
A

Amazon ElastiCache Overview

62
Q

Amazon ElastiCache Overview managed which to Cache services?

A

Redis and Memcached

63
Q
  • Multi AZ with Auto-Failover
  • Read Replicas to scale reads and have high availability
  • Data Durability using AOF persistence
  • Backup and restore features
  • Supports Sets and Sorted Sets
A

REDIS

64
Q
  • Multi-node for partitioning of data (sharding)
  • No high availability (replication)
  • Non persistent
  • No backup and restore
  • Multi-threaded architecture
A

MEMCACHED

65
Q

ElastiCache supports IAM Authentication for ________

A

Redis

66
Q

IAM policies on ElastiCache are only used for?

A

AWS API-level security

67
Q
  • You can set a “password/token” when you create a
    Redis cluster
  • This is an extra level of security for your cache (on top of security groups)
  • Support SSL in flight encryption
A

Redis AUTH

68
Q

Supports SASL-based authentication (advanced)

A

Memcached

69
Q

Patterns for ElastiCache (3)

A

Lazy Loading
Write Through
Session Store

70
Q

Patterns for ElastiCache - all the read data is cached, data can become stale in cache

A

Lazy Loading

71
Q

Patterns for ElastiCache - Adds or update data in the cache when written to a DB (no stale data)

A

Write Through

72
Q

Patterns for ElastiCache - store temporary session data in a cache (using TTL features)

A

Session Store

73
Q
A

AWS Cert (16 decks)

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