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EC2 Flashcards

1
Q

different types of EC2 instances (7)
What are the 4 most important?

A

General Purpose, Compute Optimized, Memory Optimized, Storage Optimized, Accelerated Computing, Instance Feature, Measuring Instance Performance

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2
Q

What are the (3) parts of the AWS EC2 instance type naming convention:

m5:large

A

Instance class, generation, size within the instance class

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3
Q

EC2 Instance Type Great for a diversity of workloads such as web servers or code repositories

A

General Purpose

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4
Q

General Purpose EC2 Instance Type are great at balancing between ____________ (3)

A

Compute, Memory, Networking

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5
Q

EC2 Instance Type Great for compute-intensive tasks that require high performance processors

A

Compute Optimized

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6
Q

Which EC2 Instance Type would use the following:
Batch processing workloads, Media transcoding, High performance web servers, High performance computing (HPC), Scientific modeling & machine learning, Dedicated gaming servers

A

Compute Optimized EC2 Instance Type

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7
Q

EC2 Instance Type - Fast performance for workloads that process large data sets in memory

A

Memory Optimized

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8
Q

Which EC2 Instance Type would use the following:
High performance, relational/non-relational databases, Distributed web scale cache stores, In-memory databases optimized for BI (business intelligence), Applications performing real-time processing of big unstructured data

A

Memory Optimized

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9
Q

EC2 Instance Type Great for storage-intensive tasks that require high, sequential read and write access to large data sets on local storage

A

Storage Optimized

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10
Q

Can Security Groups be attached to multiple instances

A

Yes

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11
Q

Security Groups are locked down to a ____________

A

region/VPC combination

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12
Q

For EC2, where does the Security Group live?

A

Outside of the EC2 (if traffic is blocked the EC2 instance won’t see it)

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13
Q

What is a good security group practice for SSH access?

A

to maintain a separate security group of SSH access

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14
Q

What is it if your application is not accessible (timeout)

A

it is a security group issue

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15
Q

What error is given if you have an application error or the EC2 is not launched?

A

connection refused

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16
Q

In EC2 security groups, All inbound traffic is _____________ by default

A

Blocked

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17
Q

EC2 security groups - All outbound traffic is ____________ by default

A

authorised

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18
Q

SSH (Secure Shell) - log into a Linux instance (Port)

A

22

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19
Q

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – upload files into a file share (Port)

A

21

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20
Q

SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) – upload files using SSH (Port)

A

22

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21
Q

HTTP – access unsecured websites (Port)

A

80

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22
Q

HTTPS – access secured websites (Port)

A

443

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23
Q

General Purpose EC2 Instance Type are great at balancing between ____________ (3)

A

Compute
Memory
Networking

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24
Q

EC2 Instances Purchasing Options (7)

A

On-Demand Instances
Reserved
Savings Plans
Spot Instances
Dedicated Hosts
Dedicated Instances
Capacity Reservations

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25
Q

EC2 Instances Purchasing Options - short workload, predictable pricing, pay by second

A

On-Demand Instances

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26
Q

EC2 Instances Purchasing Options - (1 & 3 years)
* long workloads
* long workloads with flexible instances

A

Reserved

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27
Q

EC2 Instances Purchasing Options - (1 & 3 years) –commitment to an amount of usage, long workload

A

Savings Plans

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28
Q

EC2 Instances Purchasing Options - short workloads, cheap, can lose instances (less reliable)

A

Spot Instances

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29
Q

EC2 Instances Purchasing Options - book an entire physical server, control instance placement

A

Dedicated Hosts

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30
Q

EC2 Instances Purchasing Options - no other customers will share your hardware

A

Dedicated Instances

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31
Q

EC2 Instances Purchasing Options

A
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32
Q
  • Pay for what you use:
    • Linux or Windows - billing per second, after the first minute
    • All other operating systems - billing per hour
  • Has the highest cost but no upfront payment
  • No long-term commitment
  • Recommended for short-term and un-interrupted workloads, where you can’t predict how the application will behave
A

EC2 On Demand

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33
Q
  • Up to 72% discount compared to On-demand
  • You reserve a specific instance attributes (Instance Type, Region,Tenancy, OS) * Reservation Period – 1 year (+discount) or 3 years (+++discount)
  • Payment Options – No Upfront (+), Partial Upfront (++), All Upfront (+++) * Reserved Instance’s Scope – Regional or Zonal (reserve capacity in an AZ)
  • Recommended for steady-state usage applications (think database)
  • You can buy and sell in the Marketplace
  • Convertible Reserved Instance
    • Can change the EC2 instance type, instance family, OS, scope and
      tenancy
    • Up to 66% discount
A

EC2 Reserved Instances

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34
Q
  • Get a discount based on long-term usage (up to 72% - same as RIs)
  • Commit to a certain type of usage ($10/hour for 1 or 3 years)
  • Usage beyond this pricing option is billed at the On-Demand price
  • Locked to a specific instance family & AWS region (e.g., M5 in us-east-1)
  • Flexible across:
    • Instance Size (e.g., m5.xlarge, m5.2xlarge)
    • OS (e.g., Linux, Windows)
    • Tenancy (Host, Dedicated, Default)
A

EC2 Savings Plans

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35
Q
  • Can get a discount of up to 90% compared to On-demand
  • Instances that you can “lose” at any point of time if your max price is less than the current spot price
  • The MOST cost-efficient instances in AWS
  • Useful for workloads that are resilient to failure
    • Batch jobs
    • Data analysis
    • Image processing
    • Any distributed workloads
    • Workloads with a flexible start and end time
  • Not suitable for critical jobs or databases
A

EC2 Spot Instances

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36
Q
  • A physical server with EC2 instance capacity fully dedicated to your use
  • Allows you address compliance requirements and use your existing server- bound software licenses (per-socket, per-core, pe—VM software licenses)
  • Purchasing Options:
    • On-demand – pay per second for active Dedicated Host
    • Reserved - 1 or 3 years (No Upfront,Partial Upfront,All Upfront)
  • The most expensive option
  • Useful for software that have complicated licensing model (BYOL – Bring Your
    Own License)
  • Or for companies that have strong regulatory or compliance needs
A

EC2 Dedicated Hosts

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37
Q
  • Instances run on hardware that’s dedicated to you
  • May share hardware with other instances in same account
  • No control over instance placement (can move hardware after Stop / Start
A

EC2 Dedicated Instances

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38
Q
  • Reserve On-Demand instances capacity in a specific AZ for any duration
  • You always have access to EC2 capacity when you need it
  • No time commitment (create/cancel anytime), no billing discounts
  • Combine with Regional Reserved Instances and Savings Plans to benefit from billing discounts
  • You’re charged at On-Demand rate whether you run instances or not
  • Suitable for short-term, uninterrupted workloads that needs to be in a
    specific AZ
A

EC2 Capacity Reservations

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39
Q

GO TO VIDEO 43 MIN 5:45

A
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40
Q

Control over the EC2 Instance placement strategy

A

Placement Groups

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41
Q

What are the 3 types of Placement Groups

A

Cluster
Spread
Partition

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42
Q

a Placement group that is a Low-latency group in a single Availability Zone

A

Cluster Placement Groups

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43
Q

Instances across underlying hardware (max 7 instances per group per AZ)

A

Spread Placement Group

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44
Q

Instances across many different partitions (which rely on different sets of racks) within an AZ. Scales to 100s of EC2 instances per group (Hadoop, Cassandra, Kafka)

A

Partition

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45
Q

Placement Group

  • Pros: Great network (10 Gbps bandwidth between instances with Enhanced Networking enabled - recommended)
  • Cons: If the rack fails, all instances fails at the same time
  • Use case:
    • Big Data job that needs to complete fast
    • Application that needs extremely low latency and high network throughput
A

Cluster Placement Group

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46
Q

Placement Group

  • Pros:
    • Can span across Availability Zones (AZ)
    • Reduced risk is simultaneous failure
    • EC2 Instances are on different physical hardware
  • Cons:
    • Limited to 7 instances per AZ per placement group
  • Use case:
    • Application that needs to maximize high availability
    • Critical Applications where each instance must be isolated from failure from each other
A

Spread PLACEMENT GROUP

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47
Q
  • Up to 7 partitions per AZ
  • Can span across multiple AZs in the
  • Up to 100s of EC2 instances
  • The instances in a partition do not share racks with the instances in the other partitions
  • A partition failure can affect many EC2 but won’t affect other partitions
  • EC2 instances get access to the partition information as metadata
  • Use cases: HDFS, HBase, Cassandra, Kafka
A

Partition Placements Groups

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48
Q

What does ENI stand for?

A

Elastic Network Interfaces

49
Q

Logical component in a VPC that represents a virtual network card

A

Elastic Network Interfaces (ENI)

50
Q

The ENI can have the following attributes (5)

A
  • Primary private IPv4, one or more secondary IPv4
  • One Elastic IP (IPv4) per private IPv4
  • One Public IPv4
  • One or more security groups
  • A MAC address
51
Q

You CAN create ENI independently and attach them on the fly (move them) on EC2 instances for failover

52
Q

You can create ENI independently and attach them on the fly (move them) on EC2 instances for failover

53
Q

Are ENI’s bound to a specific AZ

54
Q

What does EBS stand for?

A

Elastic Block Store

55
Q

A network drive you can attach to your instances while they run

A

EBS Volume

56
Q

It allows your instances to persist data, even after their termination

A

EBS Volume

57
Q

They can only be mounted to one EC2 instance at a time (at the CCP level)

A

EBS Volume

58
Q

Are EBS volumes bound to a specific AZ?

59
Q

It can be detached from an EC2 instance and attached to another one quickly

A

EBS Volume

60
Q

What type of drive is an EBS volume?

A

Network Drive (not physical drive)

61
Q

How can you move an EBS volume across AZs?

A

You need to snapshot it

62
Q

Can you increase the capacity of the EBS volume drive over time

63
Q

By default, the root EBS volume is _______?

A

Deleted (attribute enabled)

64
Q

By default, any other attached EBS volume attached to the EC2 instance is ______?

A

NOT deleted (attribute disabled)

65
Q

Make a backup of your EBS volume at a point in time

A

EBS Snapshot

66
Q

Is It necessary to detach and EBS volume to do snapshot??

A

NO, But it is recommended

67
Q

Can you copy snapshots across AZ or Region???

68
Q
  • Move a Snapshot to an ”archive tier” that is 75% cheaper
  • Takes within 24 to 72 hours for restoring the archive
A

EBS Snapshot Archive

69
Q
  • Setup rules to retain deleted snapshots so you can recover them after an accidental deletion
  • Specify retention (from 1 day to 1 year)
A

Recycle Bin for EBS Snapshots

70
Q

EBS Snapshots Features - Force full initialization of snapshot to have no latency on the first use ($$$)

A

Fast Snapshot Restore (FSR)

71
Q

What does AMI stand for??

A

Amazon Machine Image

72
Q

A customization of an EC2 instance

73
Q
  • You add your own software, configuration, operating system, monitoring…
  • Faster boot / configuration time because all your software is pre-packaged
A

AMI (Amazon Machine Image)

74
Q

Are AMI’s built for a specific region?

75
Q

Can AMI’s be copied across regions?

76
Q

Does an AMI create an EBS snapshot??

77
Q

What do you need to use if you need a high- performance hardware disk for your EC2 instance?

A

EC2 Instance Store

78
Q

EC2 Instance Store - Backups and Replication are your responsibility

79
Q

EBS Volumes come in 6 types

A

gp2 / gp3 (SSD)
io1 / io2 (SSD)
st1 (HDD)
sc1 (HDD)

80
Q

General purpose SSD volume that balances price and performance for a wide variety of workloads

A

gp2 / gp3 (SSD)

81
Q

Highest-performance SSD volume for mission-critical low-latency or high-throughput workloads

A

io1 / io2 (SSD)

82
Q

Low cost HDD volume designed for frequently accessed, throughput- intensive workloads

A

st1 (HDD):

83
Q

Lowest cost HDD volume designed for less frequently accessed workloads

84
Q

3 characteristics of EBS Volumes

A

Size
Throughput
IOPS (I/O Per second)

85
Q

Which 2 EBS Volumes can be used as boot volumes?

A

gp2/gp3 and io1/io2

86
Q
  • Cost effective storage, low-latency
  • System boot volumes,Virtual desktops, Development and test environments
  • 1 GiB - 16TiB
A

General Purpose SSD

87
Q
  • Baseline of 3,000 IOPS and throughput of 125 MiB/s
  • Can increase IOPS up to 16,000 and throughput up to 1000 MiB/s independently
88
Q
  • Small ______ volumes can burst IOPS to 3,000
  • Size of the volume and IOPS are linked, max IOPS is 16,000
  • 3 IOPS per GB, means at 5,334 GB we are at the max IOPS
89
Q
  • Critical business applications with sustained IOPS performance
  • Or applications that need more than 16,000 IOPS
  • Great for databases workloads (sensitive to storage perf and consistency)
A

Provisioned IOPS (PIOPS) SSD

90
Q
  • (4 GiB - 16 TiB)
  • Max PIOPS: 64,000 for Nitro EC2 instances & 32,000 for other
  • Can increase PIOPS independently from storage size
91
Q

________ have more durability and more IOPS per GiB

92
Q

Whats the $ cost for the io2 to have more durability and more IOPS per GiB than the io1??

A

None, it’s the same price

93
Q
  • (4 GiB – 64 TiB)
  • Sub-millisecond latency
  • Max PIOPS: 256,000 with an IOPS:GiB ratio of 1,000:1
A

io2 Block Express

94
Q

Which EBS volume types Supports EBS Multi-attach

A

Provisioned IOPS (PIOPS) SSD

95
Q
  • Cannot be a boot volume
  • 125 GiB to 16TiB
A

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

96
Q
  • Big Data, Data Warehouses, Log Processing
  • Max throughput 500 MiB/s – max IOPS 500
A

Throughput Optimized HDD (st1)

97
Q
  • For data that is infrequently accessed
  • Scenarios where lowest cost is important
  • Max throughput 250 MiB/s – max IOPS 250
A

Cold HDD (sc1):

98
Q
  • Attach the same EBS volume to multiple EC2 instances in the same AZ
  • Each instance has full read & write permissions to the high-performance volume
A

EBS Multi-Attach – io1/io2 family

99
Q

How many EC2 Instances can you connected to a EBS Multi- Attach?

100
Q

What type of files system must you use with a EBS Multi-Attach?

A

Cluster-Aware

101
Q

When you create an encrypted EBS volume, you get the following:

A
  • Data at rest is encrypted inside the volume
  • All the data in flight moving between the instance and the volume is encrypted
  • All snapshots are encrypted
  • All volumes created from the snapshot
102
Q

EBS Encryption has a minimal impact on ____?

103
Q

EBS Encryption leverages keys from ______?

A

KMS (AES-256)

104
Q

Copying an _____ snapshot allows _______?

A

unencrypted, encryption

105
Q

Snapshots of encrypted EBS volumes are _______?

106
Q

What are the 4 steps to encrypting and unencrypted EBS volume?

A
  • Create an EBS snapshot of the volume
  • Encrypt the EBS snapshot ( using copy )
  • Create new ebs volume from the snapshot ( the volume will also be encrypted )
  • Now you can attach the encrypted volume to the original instance
107
Q

What does EFS stand for?

A

Elastic File System

108
Q
  • Managed NFS (network file system) that can be mounted on many EC2
  • Works with EC2 instances in multi-AZ
  • Highly available, scalable, expensive (3x gp2), pay per use
109
Q

What are these use cases for??

110
Q

EFS uses which kind of protocol?

111
Q

How do you control the access of EFS?

A

Security Groups

112
Q

EFS is only compatible with which type of AMI?

113
Q

What type of Encryption does EFS use at rest?

114
Q

READ SLIDE 111 and 112

115
Q

What are the 3 ways to Instantiate EC2’s quickly

A

Golden AMI
Bootstrap Using User Data
Hybrid: mix Golden AMI and User Data (Elastic Beanstalk)

116
Q

Instantiate EC2’s quickly … Install your applications, OS dependencies etc.. beforehand and launch your EC2 instance

A

Golden AMI

117
Q

Instantiate EC2’s quickly … For dynamic configuration

A

Bootstrap Using User Data

118
Q

Instantiate EC2’s quickly .. mix Golden AMI and User Data (Elastic Beanstalk)

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