rdl Flashcards
defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual ‘s speculation with reality.
RESEARCH
Empirical, Logical, Cyclical, Analytical, Critical, Methodical, Replicability
Characteristics of Research
Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
Empirical
Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
Logical
is a ___ process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem
Cyclical
Research utilizes proven ___ procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.
Analytical
Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
Critical
Research is conducted in a ___ manner without bias using systematic method and procedures.
Methodical
The research design and procedures are ___ or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
Replicability
generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster’s 1968), to be ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice.
Ethics
obtaining world knowledge,
puts premium or high value on people’s thinking or point of view conditioned by their personal traits,
an act of inquiry or investigation of real-life events
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Case Study, Ethnography, Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, Action Research, Narrative Research
Types of Qualitative Research
takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, education.
involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization, or situation
Case Study
observe people situated in a natural or normal setting
the best way to conduct this kind of research is not to ask the people of their culture but to spend some time living with them and experience the way they live their life in their community
Ethnography
refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful
it’s primary goal is to make people understand their experiences about death of loved ones, care for handicapped persons, friendliness of people, and the like
Phenomenology
This theory takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at the time of data-collection and analysis.
Grounded Theory
is a type of qualitative research that seeks ___ to improve practice and study the effects of the ___ that was taken (Streubert & Carpenter, 2002).
Action Research
Example: A researcher seeks to characterize the struggles faced by student-athletes
Narrative Research
Content Analysis, Thematic Analysis, Narrative Analysis, Grounded-Theory Analysis, Discourse Analysis
Data Analysis in Qualitative Research
helps you identify, categorize, analyze, and interpret patterns in qualitative study data
Thematic Analysis
qualitative research method that examines and quantifies the presence of certain words, subjects, and concepts in text, image, video, or audio messages.
Content Analysis
a method used to interpret research participants’ stories—things like testimonials, case studies, focus groups, interviews, and other text or visual data
Narrative Analysis
a method of conducting qualitative research to develop theories by examining real-world data.
Grounded-Theory Analysis
It involves the observation of texts, audio, and videos to study the relationships between information and its social context.
Discourse Analysis
The S.O.P. is composed of the GENERAL PROBLEM and SPECIFIC PROBLEM.
The specific problems should help answer the objective of the research as reflected in the title.
The specific problems should be relevant and aligned with the direction of the research.
Present atleast 3 minimum specific questions.
Writing the Statement of the Problem
Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework, Scope & limitations, Significance of the Study
CHAPTER 1
a concept formulated to explain, predict, and understand the phenomena
Theory
theories that serves as the building blocks or skeleton of the foundation or bases of the study
Theoretical Framework
a skeleton, a basic structure or frame of reference designed to support something
Framework
illustrates what the researcher expects to find in the research.
it guides the researcher by giving clear directions to the research.
Conceptual Framework
in research refers to the boundaries and extent of a study, defining its specific objectives, target population, variables, methods, and limitations, which helps researchers focus and provide a clear understanding of what will be investigated.
scope
in research defines the specific boundaries and ___ of a study, such as geographical, temporal, or conceptual constraints, outlining what will be excluded or not within the scope of investigation, providing clarity and ensuring the study remains focused and manageable.
limitations
A written statement why your study is important.
Include the group of people that will benefit your study.
Refers to its importance, relevance, and usefulness in addressing a particular research problem
Significance of the Study
Acknowledgment, References or Bibliography, Citation or In-text Citation
CHAPTER 2
the beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed something for the production of the paper
Acknowledgment
a complete list of all reading materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from
References or Bibliography
references within the main body of the text, specifically in RRL
Citation or In-text Citation
Summary, Paraphrase, Short-Direct Quotation, Long-Direct Quotation, Tense of Verbs of Reporting
Patterns of Citation
The citation in this case is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or aspects of the text.
Summary
This is the antithesis of the first one because, here, instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words. In doing so, it is possible that your explanations may decrease or exceed the number of words of the original text.
Paraphrase
Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing through this citation pattern. Since this makes you copy the exact words of the writer, it is necessary that you give the number of the page where the readers can find the copied words.
Short-Direct Quotation
Named in many ways, this citation pattern makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight lines. Placed at the center of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem.
Long-Direct Quotation
Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting authors’ ideas. Present their ideas in any of these tenses: present, simple past, or present perfect tense. The APA system, however, prefers the use of present perfect tense.
Tense of Verbs of Reporting
Research Design, Locale of the Study, Population and Sampling Technique, Data Gathering Procedure, Research Instrument, Data Analysis, Ethical Considerations
CHAPTER 3
is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and passing the quoted words off as your own words.
Plagiarism
it refers to a scheme or plan of action for meeting the objectives.
Research Design
the setting of the study.
Locale of the Study
Convenience Sampling, Purposive Sampling, Stratified Sampling, Cluster Sampling, Quota Sampling, Snowball Sampling
Sampling Techniques
involves selecting participants who are readily available and easily accessible to the researcher
Convenience Sampling
a powerful tool for researchers seeking to select participants who can provide valuable insight into their research question.
Purposive Sampling
involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in important ways.
Stratified Sampling
involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole sample
Cluster Sampling
a method where volunteers who meet pre-selected criteria are sought as representatives of the target population
Quota Sampling
used when studying populations that are challenging to reach through traditional methods
Snowball Sampling
is a tool used to obtain, measure, and analyze data from subjects around the research topic.
Research Instrument
It is one of the most commonly used data collection instruments for qualitative research, mainly because of its personal approach. The interviewer or the researcher collects data directly from the interviewee on a one-to-one basis.
One-to-One Interviews
This is done in a group discussion setting. The group is limited to 6-10 people, and a moderator is assigned to moderate the ongoing discussion
Focus groups
This method makes use of the already existing reliable documents and similar sources of information as the data source.
Record keeping
In this data collection method, the researcher immerses himself/ herself in the setting where his respondents are, and keeps a keen eye on the participants and takes down notes.
Process of observation
summarizes collected data. It involves the interpretation of data gathered through the use of analytical and logical reasoning to determine patterns, relationships or trends.
DATA
ANALYSIS
