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3rd term exams > drrr > Flashcards

drrr Flashcards

1
Q

are gradual or sudden natural earth processes that cause injury, loss of life, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental changes.

A

Geological Hazards

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2
Q

is rock, dirt, or debris falling down a sloping section of land. ___ are caused by storms, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors which make the slope unstable.

A

Landslide

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2
Q

Geology, Morphology, Human activity

A

three major causes of landslides

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3
Q

this refers to the material of the soil or rock in the area or can be the layers of earth has weakened or stiffened in some part.

A

Geology

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4
Q

this refers to the structure of the land. The soil or rock has weakened through loss of vegetation or root system which holds the soil in place. Another is prolonged rainfall or heavy water leakage that increases the weight of the land mass therefore as the water flows, sediments and soils also come with it.

A

Morphology

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5
Q

to make way for agriculture and construction, trees need to be cut down. Irrigation, deforestation, and excavation can weaken the integrity of the earth.

A

Human activity

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6
Q

This occurs due to prolonged or heavy rainfall, increasing the weight of the land mass. Rainfall-induced landslides can form debris flows when they mix

A

Rainfall-induced Landslide

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7
Q

Unusual noises, such as breaking trees, or knocking boulders together, can mean moving debris.

As the landslide nears, a slight rumbling sound that rises in amplitude is noticeable.

Rapid rise in water levels of the creeks, likely followed by increased turbidity (soil content).

A

impending signs of a rainfall-induced landslide

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8
Q

are caused by drilling, mining, road construction, and broken water or underground pipes. Water may penetrate through mud and rocks and eventually erode the ground underneath.

A

Man-made sinkholes

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8
Q

are caused by physical or chemical erosion. The natural flow of water may erode rock material while acidic substances may also dissolve and eventually weaken it.

A

Natural sinkholes

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9
Q

is a depression or hole caused by the collapse of the surface layer of the ground. Water is the primary cause of most sinkholes when it dissolves soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum.

A

Sinkhole

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10
Q
  1. Solution sinkholes 2. Cover Subsidence Sinkholes 3. Cover Collapse Sinkholes
A

Types of sinkholes

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11
Q

are common in areas that have thin cover of soil on the surface of the ground which exposes the bedrock to water erosion.

A

Solution sinkholes

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12
Q

this occur when the bedrock is covered by soil and materials that are not well-knitted together.

A

Cover Subsidence Sinkholes

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13
Q

occur when the bedrock is covered by a deep layer of soil and earth.

A

Cover Collapse Sinkholes

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14
Q
  • New cracks at the foundations of buildings and houses
  • Cracks in an area
  • Depressions at ground level
  • Rapid appearance of a crater in the ground
A

The impending signs of a sinkhole

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15
Q

Unregulated industrialization and inadequate safety standards increase the risk for industrial disasters.

A

Technological/industrial disasters

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16
Q

the threat of terrorism has also increased due to the spread of technologies involving nuclear, biological, and chemical agents used to develop weapons of mass destruction.

A

Terrorism/Violence

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16
Q

has various connotations within different disciplines. In general, risk is defined as “the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences” (UNISDR, 2009).

A

Risk

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16
Q

the term complex emergency is usually used to describe the humanitarian emergency resulting from an international or civil war

A

Complex humanitarian emergencies

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16
Q

refers to the potential (not actual and realized) disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets, and services which could occur in a community or society over some specified future time period. Disaster risk is the product of the possible damage caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community.

A

disaster risk

16
Q

include studying rainfall patterns, type of soil, land characteristics and flow of nearby bodies of water.

A

Mitigation for Rainfall-induced landslide

17
Q

A map of geological hazards is a map showing the areas that are vulnerable to earthquake threats, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. It is a tool that scientists and local authorities use to anticipate any hazard that a geological event could bring. It also helps educate the public about and train them for the geological threat.

A

Geological Hazard Maps

17
Q
  1. Listen to local news stations on a battery-powered radio for the warnings of heavy rainfall.
  2. Be alert for unusual sounds that could indicate movement of debris, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together.
  3. Move away from the path of a landslide or debris flow as quickly as possible. The possibility of mudflow increases near flowing bodies of water and with heavy rainfall.
  4. Be vigilant for any sudden variation in water flow if you are near a stream or channel. Observe whether the water changes from clear to muddy. These changes could indicate debris flow. Be prepared to evacuate at once.
A

What to do DURING a landslide

18
Q
  1. Have an emergency preparedness plan in your place.
  2. Find out if you live in an area where rainfall-induced landslides could happen.
  3. Listen to local news and weather reports for any potential rainfall-induced landslide warnings in your area.
  4. Talk with your family and neighbors on what you would do and identify a safe place to gather.
  5. Become familiar with the land around where you live and work so that you will understand your risk in different situations.
  6. Have municipal emergency contact numbers on hand and have an emergency kit ready.
A

What to do BEFORE a landslide

18
Q
  1. Go to a designated evacuation center if you have been told to evacuate or you have a feeling that it is unsafe to remain in your home.
  2. Stay away from the slide area. There may be danger of additional slides.
  3. Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency information.
  4. Report broken utility lines and damaged roadways and railways to appropriate authorities.
  5. Check the building foundation and surrounding land for damage. These may help you assess the safety of the area.
  6. Seek advice from a geotechnical expert for evaluating rainfall-induced landslide hazards to reduce landslide risk.
A

What to do AFTER a landslide

19
Q

include ground surveys and checking for signs of this impending disaster.

A

Mitigation for Sinkholes

20
Q
  1. Check for the cracks in the exterior and interior of your property such as areas along joints, windows, doors, sloping or uneven floors and muddy or cloudy well water.
  2. Check for previously buried items such as fence posts, trees that are becoming exposed as the ground sinks.
  3. Check for a circular pattern of ground cracks around the sinking area.
  4. Check for the formation of small ponds as rainfall accumulates in new areas.
  5. Check for the slumping or falling trees or fence posts, sudden ground openings or ground settlement.
  6. Check for the interrupted plumbing or electrical service due to damaged utility lines.
A

What to do BEFORE a sinkhole

20
Q
  1. Don’t get too close, stay well back and watch out for the surface cracks.
  2. If the hole is very large and a risk to others, call the authorities or emergency responders.
  3. Keep the children away.
  4. Place a piece of plywood over small holes to secure the area and by marking the hole for safety. Use posts with caution tape or rope.
  5. Take photographs for documentation, but do not get too close to the edges.
  6. Don’t allow unauthorized or inexperienced persons to investigate the sinkhole.
A

What to do DURING a sinkhole

20
Q
  1. Don’t refill a sinkhole with trash because filling a sinkhole with waste materials may cause groundwater contamination.
  2. Prevent construction of building or other physical structures near the sinkhole area.
  3. Call the authorities so they may plan to mitigate the effects of the sinkhole.
A

What to do AFTER a sinkhole

20
Q

is a violent tropical cyclone that forms over warm waters, North of the equator in the Western Pacific Ocean. It contains winds rotating counterclockwise, with a speed of 118-220 kilometers per hour. It could also develop into a super typhoon if the wind speed exceeds 220 kilometers per hour.

A

Typhoon

20
Q

increased ocean swell, changes in clouds, barometric pressure drop, abrupt changes in wind speed

A

impending signs of a typhoon are felt when it is close to landfall.

20
Q

is a small-scale storm accompanied by lightning and thunder.
A typical ___ only lasts about 30 minutes to an hour and may cover an area as small as 5 kilometers in diameter. However, they bring about other hazards such as strong winds and heavy rainfall.

A

Thunderstorm

21
Q

system of cumulonimbus clouds, the sky turns dark, lightning and thunder

A

impending signs of a thunderstorm

21
Q

the cumulonimbus clouds filled with water droplets serve as a barrier for sunlight. The sky darkens with a greyish tint or may also have hues of green, yellow, or violet. As clouds start to have dark bases, they may be in the process of becoming thunderstorm clouds.

A

the sky turns dark

22
Q

unequal heating of the Earth’s surface cause the upward movement of moist air, forming a tower of cumulonimbus clouds that continuously accumulate in the sky, signaling an incoming thunderstorm

A

system of cumulonimbus clouds

23
Q

This may occur even before the rain falls. In some cases, thunder that follows the lightning is inaudible which could mean that the thunderstorm is approaching or forming from a distance. As the atmosphere is becoming electrically charged, a radio static may also be experienced.

A

lightning and thunder

24
Q

is a rapid rise of seawater above normal sea level on the coast, generated by strong winds brought about by typhoons and thunderstorms. This means that the impending signs of storm surge are similar to that of the two aforementioned hazards.

A

Storm surge

25
Q

occurs when land areas which are normally not covered with water are being submerged, often after heavy and continuous rainfall. In some cases, heavy rainfall may cause temporary overflow from bodies of water, adjacent lands, or floodplains causing the flood.

A

Flood

25
Q

characterized by a raging current that occurs when the water level rises due to heavy rainfall. Unlike flood, flashflood lasts from a few minutes to a few hours only. It is common along rivers, mountain canyons, coastline, creeks, and even urban areas.

A

Flashflood

25
Q

Flammable materials could also ignite on their own in an event referred to as ___ ___.This happens when an object produces its own heat without absorbing heat from its surroundings.

A

spontaneous combustion

25
Q

weather forecasts typhoon or thunderstorm, water collecting in puddles and rapidly rising water, muddy water, roaring sound from upstream, floating debris in water

A

impending signs of a flashflood

26
Q

Faulty electrical wiring or connection
LPG-related devices
Neglected cooking or stove
Lighted cigarette butts
Left unattended open flame: torch
Left unattended open flame: candle
Matchstick or lighter kept near
Direct flame contact or static electricity
Neglected electrical appliances or
Unchecked electrical types of
Flammable chemicals
Incendiary device or ignited
Spontaneous combustion
Others (forest fire, vehicular fire, etc.

A

Causes of fires

26
Q
  1. Never leave a fire unattended.
  2. Always check the electrical equipment.
  3. Keep a good distance between things that can catch fire.
  4. Educate children and adults about fire safety.
  5. Store flammable materials properly.
  6. Keep a fire extinguisher of a bucket of sand handy.
  7. Install fire alarms and smoke detectors.
  8. Know what to do in case of fire.
  9. Develop a fire preparedness plan.
A

Precautionary and safety measures

26
Q

Is the rapid oxidation of a flammable material accompanied by the production of light and heat.

A

FIRE

26
Q

Sound the fire alarm. SHOUT “FIRE! FIRE! FIRE!”
Evacuate as per normal fire procedure.
Leave the building immediately. Use the nearest fire exit.
Do not use elevators. Always use emergency stairs.
Walk quickly but don’t run. ALWAYS STAY CALM.
Do not delay your exit trying to collect your belongings.
Assemble at the fire evacuation area and report to fire officers.
Do not go home. Rescuers need to ensure that all occupants are safely out of the building & are accounted for.
Do not return inside the building until told to do so.

A

In your Workplace/School when you notice a fire:

26
Q

heat, fuel, and oxygen

A

Elements of Fire and stages of fire development

27
Q

If you are involved in a fire, remember R.A.C.E. to help you respond safely and correctly:
R = RESCUE anyone in immediate danger from the fire if it will not
endanger your life.
A = ALARM: sound the alarm by calling the emergency hotline in your area
and activating a pull station alarm box.
C = CONFINE the fire by closing all doors and windows
E = EXTINGUISH the fire with a fire extinguisher or EVACUATE the area if
the fire is too large for a fire extinguisher.

A

THE R.A.C.E. ACRONYM AND FIRE EXTINGUISHER USE

28
Q

DO NOT RUN. It will spread the fire across your body.
Stop where you are, drop to the ground & roll back and forth
Spread across flat on the ground. DO NOT curl up.
Roll from your back to your front repeatedly till the fire is squashed.
After the flames are extinguished, get up & remove the clothing.
Burnt clothing can burn you. This is no time to be shy. If you have to remove all clothes, just get naked.

A

If your clothes catch on fire use STOP DROP & ROLL TECHNIQUE

28
Q

Get out of the building. Gases in smoke can disorient an adult in under a minute.
Don’t assume that anyone else has already called the fire department. If you get a chance to call, do so.
Calling your friends & family may not be of immediate help. It can wait. Call them once you are safe.
Stay calm when you call the fire department. Give the information they a request like precise floor no, street, landmarks, the intensity of the fire.

A

Basic Response Procedures

28
Q

To use fire extinguishers correctly, remember the P.A.S.S. acronym:
P = PULL the pin on the fire extinguisher
A = AIM the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire
S = SQUEEZE or press the handle
S = SWEEP from side to side until the fire appears to be out.
A fire emergency evacuation plan (FEEP) is a written document that includes the action to be taken by all staff in the event of a fire and the arrangements for calling the fire brigade.
Fire safety and evacuation plans
Your plan must show how you have:
A clear passageway to all escape routes.
Clearly marked escape routes that are as short and direct as possible.
Enough exits and routes for all people to escape.
Emergency doors that open easily.
Emergency lighting where needed.
Training for all to know the evacuation plan and how to use the escape routes.
A safe meeting point for everyone.

A

PROPER USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS (P.A.S.S.)

3rd term exams (7 decks)

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