r&w

Question 1

___ means looking at the readily visible parts of the text, like titles and subtitles and also visuals and graphs, pictures, and charts. ___ helps you become familiarized with the contents of the selection and focus on the important information in the text. To ___ the text properly, identify first your purpose for reading.

Answer 1

Previewing

Question 2

___ the text means you look for the main point of the reading and identify the ideas that develop it. ___ effectively means physically moving your eyes rapidly along the page and tracing your finger along the lines of the text to speed up your reading. This skill also involves quickly going through beginning and concluding sentences of paragraphs because these usually talk about the topic of the text.

Answer 2

Skimming

Question 3

___ the reading means looking for specific information. To ___ the text effectively, you need to have an idea of the details you are looking for. The instructions of your teacher or questions about the text may help you in knowing what to read. This strategy also involves physically moving your eyes quickly along the lines of text. You do not have to read every word; just read until you locate the details you are searching for. Scanning the text is especially useful when doing research or taking examinations.

Answer 3

Scanning

Question 4

Means that as you read, you make sense of the text by seeing how it fits with what you already know. Your ___ ___ is informed by your experience; thus, the more you connect new knowledge and information to what you already know, the more your comprehension will increase.

Answer 4

Recalling Background Knowledge

Question 5

___ ___are words, phrases, and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word that can help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word because the text gives you information about it.

Answer 5

Context Clues

Question 6

___ are used when the text has words or phrases that are similar in meaning to the unknown word.

Answer 6

Synonyms

Question 7

___ is a word that reveals the opposite meaning in relation to the unknown word.

Answer 7

Antonyms

Question 8

___ are specific details in a text that are used to clarify the meaning of a word.

Answer 8

Examples

Question 9

___ and definitions may be given as clues to describe an unknown term.

Answer 9

Explanations

Question 10

___ in which a word is used can also be helpful in determining the meaning of that word. The meaning of a word may change depending on its context or how and where it is used.

Answer 10

Situations

Question 11

___ is the basic, precise, literal meaning of the word that can be found in a dictionary.

Answer 11

Denotation

Question 12

___ is the positive, negative, or neutral feelings, attitudes, ideas, or associations with a word. These

Answer 12

Connotation

Question 13

Whenever you read something and you evaluate claims, seek definitions, judge information, demand proof, and question assumptions, you are thinking ___. This shows that you do not simply accept the message on the page. You bring to your reading your own experience and perspective, and use these to separate yourself from the text and judge for yourself what you consider important, logical, or right.

Answer 13

Critical Reading

Question 14

Techniques to Help You Develop Critical Reading Skills

Answer 14

Keeping a Reading Journal, Annotating the Text, Outlining the Text, Summarizing the Text, Questioning the Text

Question 15

first stage of the writing process is ___, which pertains to different techniques that help you discover ideas before writing the first draft of a paper. you use a variety of strategies to find out things that interest you about a topic or new ways of thinking about it. It also helps you identify what else you need to know about a topic. This is valuable and time-saving because determining a focus early in the writing process will help you effectively plan and execute your research and writing.

Answer 15

Pre-Writing

Question 16

Determining the Writing Situation

Answer 16

knowing the kind of paper, writing situation, purpose, reason

Question 17

Pre-Writing Strategies

Answer 17

Brainstorming, Clustering

Question 18

___ is one of the better and more popular methods of discovering your writing topic. All you need to do is begin at the top of a sheet of paper and list down everything that comes into your mind as fast as you can for a certain amount of time

Answer 18

Brainstorming

Question 19

___ or mapping is another technique that you can use to find your writing topic. Start by writing a word or phrase at the center of the page and encircle it; this becomes your main topic. Then, think of other words and phrases related to that main topic, write them down, encircle them, and draw lines connecting them to the main topic. These become your subtopics. From there, you can branch off the subtopics with other supporting ideas, or you can think of new subtopics related again to the main topic. Just make sure that each word or phrase you write down is connected to the word or phrase that suggested it.

Answer 19

Clustering

Question 20

It derives from the Greek word ___, meaning conclusion or inference. A simple ___ definition is that it’s a form of deductive reasoning where you arrive at a specific conclusion by examining premises or ideas.

Answer 20

Syllogism

Question 21

TYPES OF SYLLOGISM

Answer 21

Categorical Syllogism, Conditional Syllogism, Disjunctive Syllogism, Enthymemes,

Question 22

___ syllogisms follow an, “If A is part of C, then B is part of C” logic.

Answer 22

Categorical Syllogism

Question 23

“If A is true, then B is true” pattern of logic. They’re often referred to as hypothetical syllogisms because the arguments aren’t always valid. Sometimes they’re merely an accepted truth.

Answer 23

Conditional Syllogism

Question 24

“Either A or B is true, if A is false, then B is true” premise. They don’t state if a major or minor premise is correct. But it’s understood that one of them is correct.

Answer 24

Disjunctive Syllogism

Question 25

is not one of the major types of syllogism but is what’s known as a rhetorical syllogism. These are often used in persuasive speeches and arguments. Generally, the speaker will omit a major or minor premise, assuming it’s already accepted by the audience. One premise remains implied. However, since one of the premises is common knowledge, this helps people to understand them.

Answer 25

Enthymemes

Question 26

Some syllogisms contain false presumptions. A ___ ___ happens when you make two general statements to validate a conclusion. It’s impossible to draw a conclusion based on the general premises you are making. Therefore, when you make an assumption based on general premises, you run the risk of making a false assumption.

Answer 26

Syllogistic Fallacy

Question 27

Rules of Syllogism

Answer 27

Rule One: There must be three terms: the major premise, the minor premise and the conclusion — no more, no less.

Rule Two: The minor premise must be distributed in at least one other premise.

Rule Three: Any terms distributed in the conclusion must be distributed in the relevant premise.

Rule Four: Do not use two negative premises.

Rule Five: If one of the two premises is negative, the conclusion must be negative.

Rule Six: From two universal premises, no conclusion may be drawn.

Question 28

A: Major premise: All cars have wheels.

B: Minor premise: I drive a car.

C: Conclusion: My car has wheels.

Answer 28

Categorical Syllogism

Question 29

A: Major premise: Katie is smart.

B: Minor premise: Because she is smart, Katie will get good grades.

Conclusion: If Katie is smart, then she will get into a good college.

Answer 29

Conditional Syllogism

Question 30

Either Statement: This cake is either red velvet or chocolate.

False Premise: It’s not chocolate.

Conclusion: Therefore, this cake is red velvet.

Answer 30

Disjunctive Syllogism

Question 31

Major premise: Cake increases sugar.

Implied Minor premise: Diabetics shouldn’t have sugar.

Conclusion: Therefore, diabetics shouldn’t eat cake.

Answer 31

Enthymemes

Question 32

Major premise: All crows are black.

Minor premise: The bird in my cage is black.

Conclusion: This bird is a crow.

Answer 32

Syllogistic Fallacy

Question 33

is a group of sentences that deals with one particular idea. ___ are defined by the point that they support, the controlling idea, and not just by how long they are. This is the fundamental rule in writing ___: only one idea should be discussed per ___.

Answer 33

paragraph

Question 34

tells the reader the main idea of your paragraph. It reveals what you generally plan to propose, argue, or explain. When it is part of a longer essay, the ___ ___ contains a main point that supports the thesis statement. Think of the ___ ___as a mini thesis statement for the paragraph.

Answer 34

topic sentence

Question 35

Every paragraph needs ___ ___ to elaborate on the topic sentence. These ___ ___ may range from facts, examples, or instances. Good ___ ___ expound on the main idea and act as adequate support; they are specific and stem from the general idea established by the topic sentence. How much detail you should include in a paragraph depends on your purpose and the topic sentence.

Answer 35

supporting details

Question 36

Making Your Paragraphs Effective

Answer 36

UNITY, ADEQUATE DEVELOPMENT, COHERENCE

Question 37

simply means that all of the sentences in the paragraph are related to the topic sentence. The whole paragraph should begin and end with one focus only. Each of the details should have a clear and consistent connection to the topic sentence.

Answer 37

Unity

Question 38

The topic sentence in the paragraph should be elaborated on using concrete evidence, different examples, relevant facts, and specific details. Having specific details helps your readers become interested in your topic, understand your message, and convince them of the validity of your topic sentence.

Answer 38

ADEQUATE DEVELOPMENT

Question 39

This means that the sentences are arranged in a logical manner, making them easily understood by the reader. ___ is achieved when ideas flow smoothly within and between paragraphs. Your paragraph can become more coherent through the use of logical order and signal devices.

Answer 39

COHERENCE

Question 40

the details are arranged in the order in which they happened.

Answer 40

Chronological

Question 41

when the sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical location, such as left to right, up to down, etc.

Answer 41

Spatial

Question 42

the information found in a paragraph is arranged to emphasize certain points depending on the writer’s purpose.

Answer 42

Emphatic order