RCT, IBH, and Interventions

Question 1

Anticipatory Empathy

Answer 1

Using one’s attunement and understanding of an individual to predict the possible impact of one’s words or actions on another person; a therapist constantly tries to use anticipatory empathy to get a sense of what might ensue following a particular intervention in therapy.

Question 2

Central Relational Paradox

Answer 2

In the face of repeated disconnections, people yearn even more for relationship, but their fear of engaging with others leads to keeping aspects of their experience out of connection (these are protective strategies of disconnection, also known as strategies of survival). The individual alters herself or himself to fit in with the expectations and wishes of the other person, and in the process, the relationship itself loses authenticity and mutuality, becoming another source of disconnection.

Question 3

Chronic Disconnection

Answer 3

An escalating and ongoing dynamic in which the less powerful person in a relationship is prevented from representing the hurt or disconnection to the more powerful person and learns that she or he cannot bring this aspect of herself or experience into relationship. The less powerful person begins to twist herself to fit into the relationship by becoming more inauthentic and by splitting herself off from these feelings and thoughts. A spiral of disconnection often occurs, and the relationship becomes less mutual, less a place of growth and possibility.

Question 4

Condemned Isolation

Answer 4

A phrase coined by Jean Baker Miller to capture the experience of isolation and aloneness that leaves one feeling shut out of the human community. One feels alone, immobilized regarding reconnection, and at fault for this state. This is different from the experience of “being alone” or solitude, in which one can feel deeply connected (to nature, other people, etc.).

Question 5

Connection

Answer 5

an interaction between two or more people that is mutually empathic and mutually empowering. It involves emotional accessibility and leads to the “five good things” (zest, worth, productivity, clarity, and desire for more connection).

Question 6

Controlling Images

Answer 6

Images constructed by the dominant group that represent distortions of the nondominant cultural group being depicted, with the intent of disempowering them. The phrase was coined by Patricia Hill Collins who noted, “People become objectified to certain categories such as race, gender, economic class and sexual orientation” (1990, p. 228).

Question 7

Disconnections

Answer 7

Interactions in relationships where mutual empathy and mutual empowerment do not occur; usually involves disappointment, a sense of being misunderstood, and sometimes a sense of danger, violation, and/or impasse. Disconnections may be acute, chronic, or traumatic.

Question 8

Discrepant Relational Images

Answer 8

Relational images that contradict the negative dominant and fixed images that keep people locked in disconnection; expansion of these images leads to changes in the dominant relational expectation.

Question 9

Empathy

Answer 9

A complex affective-cognitive skill that allows us to “know” (resonate, feel, sense, cognitively grasp) another person’s experience. In order for empathy to stimulate growth, the person usually thought of as the one being empathized with must see, know, and feel the empathy of the other. That is, she or he must see her or his impact on the other; this mutual empathy decreases the experience of isolation.

Question 10

Growth-Fostering Relationship

Answer 10

A fundamental and complex process of active participation in the development and growth of other people and the relationship that results in mutual development (Miller & Stiver, 1997); such a relationship creates growth in both (or more) people.

Question 11

Hardwired to Connect

Answer 11

Biological basis for humans’ need for connection; neuroscientific data is demonstrating that the brain grows in connection, that we come into the world ready to connect, and that disconnection creates real pain.

Question 12

Honoring Strategies of Disconnection

Answer 12

Empathizing with an individual’s strategies for avoiding connection, which includes being sensitive to her or his need for these strategies and the terror of being without them. These strategies are ways of staying out of connection because the only relationship that had been available was, in some fundamental way, disconnecting and violating; in other words, there was a good reason to develop the strategies (Miller & Stiver, 1997).

Question 13

Loss of Empathic Possibility

Answer 13

Feeling that others cannot possibly be empathic, losing even the capacity for self-empathy; one feels unworthy of connection, flawed in some essential way, which is often experienced in shame.

Question 14

Mutual Empathy

Answer 14

Openness to being affected by and affecting another person. In mutual empathy, both people move with a sense of mutual respect, an intention for mutual growth, and an increasing capacity for connectedness. For mutual empathy to lead to growth, both people must see, know, and feel that they are being responded to, having an impact, and mattering to one another. The growth that occurs is both affective and cognitive and leads to an enlarged sense of community. Supported vulnerability, a feeling that one’s vulnerability will not be taken advantage of or violated, is necessary for mutual empathy.

Question 15

Mutual Impact

Answer 15

When each person feels that she or he is having an impact on each other and on the relationship; a shared power paradigm.

Question 16

Mutuality

Answer 16

The concept in RCT suggesting that we grow toward an increased capacity for respect, having an impact on the other, and being open to being changed by the other. Jean Baker Miller’s claim that if in a relationship both people are not growing, neither person is growing has been a controversial concept, as some have critiqued RCT as encouraging the client to take care of the professional. RCT fully recognizes the responsibility of the clinician to pay attention to the growth of the client and not to invite caretaking from the client. But if the therapist does not open herself or himself to some impact and change (vulnerability), real growth will probably not occur for the client. Mutuality does not mean sameness, equality, or reciprocity; it is a way of relating, a shared activity in which each (or all) of the people involved are participating as fully as possible (Miller and Stiver, 1997).

Question 17

Mutual Empowerment

Answer 17

Along with mutual empathy, this term suggests that both people in any growth-fostering relationship are experiencing more aliveness, more clarity, and a greater sense of possibility and potential agency. Mutual empowerment is built on a relationship of “engagement,” of being present and caring about that relationship as well as the individuals in it. It is a two-way (or more) dynamic process that functions as a central component of psychological growth, enhancing the strength of each individual in a relationship and ultimately creating strength in the larger community.

Question 18

Power Over

Answer 18

A concept in many societies that people can only feel safe and productive if they exercise power over others, keeping the others in a less advantaged position. The dominant group exercises power over other groups and individuals and does not encourage mutually empowering relationships. This model leads to disconnections and violations of relationships.

Question 19

Power With

Answer 19

Concept that more can be accomplished through collaborative efforts than through hierarchical arrangements, building on the notion that creativity and action develop in good connections. “Power with” grows as it empowers others and stands in opposition to “power over,” which accrues through directing and controlling others.

Question 20

Privilege

Answer 20

A system of advantage gained through another’s disadvantage (McIntosh, 1980, 1988). Unearned privilege is accrued through an accident of birth or luck, being part of a privileged group. The myth of meritocracy sometimes makes it seem as if the advantage or privilege has been earned. For example, white privilege is “an invisible package of unearned assets that [a white person] can count on cashing in each day but about which [he or she] was ‘meant’ to remain oblivious” (McIntosh, 1988).

Question 21

Radical Respect

Answer 21

A deep appreciation based on empathy for the other person’s current functioning and for the context within which her or his suffering arose; an equally deep appreciation for her or his coping methods, survival strategies, and the inner wisdom that sought to keep her or him alive.

Question 22

Relational Awareness

Answer 22

Being attentive to one’s own experience, the other person, and the relationship and developing clarity about the movement of relationship.

Question 23

Relational Competence

Answer 23

The experience that one can be effective and have a positive impact on relationships; one feels that one matters and that one is responded to in a way that is empathic and open to mutual effect. Relational competence involves movement toward mutuality, developing anticipatory empathy, being open to being influenced, experiencing vulnerability as an inevitable place of potential growth rather than danger, and creating good connections rather than exercising power over others as the path of growth.

Question 24

Relational Confidence

Answer 24

Having confidence in a relationship and in the ability to contribute to growth-fostering relationships, as well as trust that others will join in creating such relationships.

Question 25

Relational-Cultural Mindfulness

Answer 25

Bringing attention to the other person, one’s own responsiveness, the relationship, and the cultural context; being present with the energy and full movement of the relationship; feeling curiosity about the flow of the connection; letting go of images of how the interaction should be in order to discover what is; and awareness of one’s own contributions to the quality of connection and disconnection in the relationship.

Question 26

Relational Empowerment

Answer 26

Shared sense of effectiveness, ability to act on the relationship, and moving toward connection. The relationship itself is strengthened and expanded in the movement of mutual empathy. Both (all) people in the interaction feel stronger, more alive, more able to create, and desirous of bringing this feeling of empowerment to others. This also contributes to productivity and creativity in the world.

Question 27

Relational Images

Answer 27

Inner pictures of what has happened to us in relationships, formed in important early relationships. As we develop these images, we are also creating a set of beliefs about why relationships are the way they are. Relational images thus determine expectations not only about what will occur in relationships but about a person’s whole sense of herself or himself. These often become the unconscious frameworks by which we determine who we are, what we can do, and how worthwhile we are. Negative relational images become the source of a sense of lack of relational competence and worth and often support strategies of disconnection and a sense of hopelessness.

Question 28

Relational Movement

Answer 28

Relationships are always in movement, toward either better connection or increasing disconnection; with an ongoing flow of mutual empathy, the participants move toward more connection.

Question 29

Relational Resilience

Answer 29

Movement to a mutually empowering, growth-fostering connection in the face of adverse conditions, traumatic experiences, and alienating sociocultural pressures; the ability to connect, reconnect, and/or resist disconnection. Movement toward empathic mutuality is at the core of relational resilience (Jordan, 1992).

Question 30

Strategies of Disconnection

Answer 30

Methods people develop to stay out of relationship in order to prevent wounding or violation. Also known as strategies of survival, these evolve out of a person’s attempt to find some way to make or preserve whatever connection is possible.

Question 31

Traumatic Disconnection

Answer 31

Disconnections that occur when what might be an acute disconnection triggers someone (often suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder) into a place of reactivity (the amygdala hijack) where she or he becomes unavailable to relational repair. The person cannot come back into connection because of a heightened sense of danger. Until safety can be reestablished, the therapist must honor the client’s dramatic return to strategies of disconnection. Ironically, these traumatic disconnections sometimes follow an increase in closeness, a relinquishing of strategies of disconnection. In those moments the client feels increased vulnerability and may have to resort to old ways of self-protection.” (http://www.jbmti.org/Our-Work/glossary-relational-cultural-therapy)

Question 32

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

Answer 32

Harlett & Stevens, 2018

Significant reduction in depression, anxiety, stress, worry, negative evaluations, and somatic symptoms

lowered by 1 SD

increases personal growth, life satisfaction, and perceived quality of life

Question 33

Immediacy and Self-Disclosure

Answer 33

Hill, 2014: Helps develop insight

Hill, 2019: increased insight, increased helpfulness, and positive clinical mental health

Question 34

Therapeutic Alliance

Answer 34

Allen et al. (2017: increase willingness to manage one’s mental health

Bachelor 2011: clients report helpfulness and joint participation as important for working alliance

Question 35

Grief and Loss Treatment

Answer 35

Peterson and Goldberg (2016): discussing grief/loss and secondary losses helped with better emotional coping