Multiculturalism and Identity Development

Question 1

ADDRESSING Model

Answer 1

• Age & Generation
• Developmental Disability
• Disability (Acquired)
• Religion
• Ethnicity & Race
• Socioeconomic Status
• Sexual Orientation
• Indigenous Heritage
• National Origin & Language
• Gender

Question 2

6 Phases of OTAID Model

Answer 2

Phase 0: Absence of Conscious Awareness

Phase 1: Individuation

Phase 2: Dissonance

Phase 3: Immersion

Phase 4: Internalization

Phase 5: Integration

Phase 6: Transformation

Question 3

OTAID Model

Answer 3

Myers et al. (1991)

Optimal Theory Applied to Identity Development

Question 4

Phase 0: Absence of Conscious Awareness

Answer 4

Individuals lack awareness of being.

Question 5

Phase 1: Individuation

Answer 5

• Lack of awareness of any view of self other than what originally introduced to
• Nothing assigned meaning
• Family values solidify identity

Question 6

Phase 2: Dissonance

Answer 6

• Explore aspects of self devalued by others
• Triggers conflict b/w believe and false image of self that would be inferior
• May suppress salient aspects bc of sociocultural values

Question 7

Phase 3: Immersion

Answer 7

• Fully embrace others like them that are devalued
• Enables self appreciation
• Negative feelings towards dominant group (anger and distrust)

Question 8

Phase 4: Internalization

Answer 8

• Effectively incorporates worth with salient identities
• Increase sense of security
• Salient part of self is one piece of identity
• More tolerant of others who don’t threaten sense of self

Question 9

Phase 5: Integration

Answer 9

• Stronger sense of inner security and inner peace
• Sense of community
• Better understanding that all people can oppress or be oppressed

Question 10

Phase 6: Transformation

Answer 10

• Self redefined toward ancestors and those unborn
• Individuals have experienced shift -→ interconnected & empowered to define reality based on spiritual awareness rather than external circumstance

Question 11

Helms White Racial Identity Development Model

Answer 11

racism is an intmate and centeral part of being a white american.

healthy white identity development involves 1) abandonment of racism and 2) defining a nonracist white identity

Question 12

Stages of Helms White Racial Identity Development Model

Answer 12

1. Contact Status
2. Disintegration Status
3. Reintegration Status
4. Pseudo-independence Status
5. Immersion/emersion Status
6. Autonomy Status

Question 13

Contact Status

Answer 13

• Stage 1
• Oblivious to and unaware of racism
• Color-blind
• “People are people”

Question 14

Disintegration Status

Answer 14

Obliviousness begins to break down.

becomes conflicted over irresolvable racial moral dilemmas

begins to become awareness of their own whiteness causing dissonance and guilt

Question 15

Reintegration Status

Answer 15

characterized by regression by reverting back to the idea of white superiority and minority inferiority

this is an attempt to resolve dissonance caused from previous status

Question 16

Pseudo-Independence Status

Answer 16

Awareness of visible racial/ethnic minorities, unfairness of their treatment, and discomfort with their racist white identity

may perpetuate racism by helping BIPOC adjust to white standards or suggesting they understand racism though their knowledge is only intellectual/conceptual

Question 17

Immersion/Emersion Status

Answer 17

• person searches for an understanding of the personal meaning of racism and the ways in which they benefit from white privilege
• increased willingness to confront own whiteness
• understanding that change must come from whites for change to occur

Question 18

Autonomy Status

Answer 18

• increasing awareness of one’s whiteness
• reduced feelings of guilt
• acceptance of one’s role in perpetuating racism
• Renewed determination to abandon white entitlement
• values diversity, increased knowledge about cultural differences
• Comfort with nonracist white identity
• does personalize attacks on white supremacy