RBC2 Flashcards
cellular immunity
tcell killing pathogens and releasing cytokines
humoral imunity
b cell proliferating into plasma cell and releasing antibodies
haematopeotic hierachy
family treee where haematopoetic stem cells differentiate into more specalised cells, such as myeloid and lymphoid progenitors
megakarocytes produce what
platelets
lymphoid progenitor successors
natural killer cell or other lymphocytes
other lympocytes become Tcell and Bcekl
haematopoeisis location in embryo
yolk sac—liver—-bine marrow
what is the yolk sack
small sac outside embryo containing HSCs
what attaches the yolk sac to the embryo
yolk stalk
haematopoeisis in embryo
bone marrow
what determines which cell an undifferentiated cell specilaises into
growth factors, transcription factors, environment,
common growth factors
myeloid growth factors
eg erythropoeitin
eg MCSFs
what does erythropoeitindo
growth factor binding to progenitors cell surface receptors and ordering them to specialise into erythrocyte
what do myeloid colon stimulating factors do?
bind to receptors to cause proliferation
what does mcsf stand for
myeloid colony stimulating factor
where are Tcell, Nk cell, B cell made
thymus—>finish dev in bine marriw, bine marrow, bone marriw
what does nk cell do
kill cancerous cells
analogy for differentiation from progenito
does not simply convert from progenitor into differentiated cell
have intermediate and late versions of partially diffentiated cells
these cells end inblast eg erythroblast
BUS STOP Aanalogy
myeloid progenitor, blast cells, specialised cell
blast prefix
a not fully mature cell which is differentiating
consequence if deficient in iron, folate or b12
anema
anemia
not enough rbc
or
not enough healthy rbc
microcytosis
smal rbc
nor enough Iron
macrocytosis
not enough folate or vitb12
no dna can be made
clel keeps on growign but cannot replicate
big rbc
what is thyamine needed for
alt name for vit b
dna synth
what regukates haematopoesis
growht factir, vitb, folate, ioron, env
what happens between oxygen and growth factor in erythropoesis
hypoxia , more griwth factor, more erythropoesis
huperoxia, less gorwth factor, less erythropoeisis
name of gf in erythropoesisi
erythropeotin
sources of iron, frrous and ferric
ferrous - meat
ferric - soy beans
animals do it begger
erythroblast
a stem cell which will differentiate into a rbc, but not yet
how is iron absorption regulated
hepcidin
what is hepcidin
a hormon
what happens to iron absorptin when erythropoesis increases
increases
2 uses of vitb12
dna synth
rbc synth
why is vit b needed for rbc priduction
needed to make dna so erythroblast can oroliferate
note rbc has no dna but erythroblast does
why is iron needed for rbc
acts as central metal ion in complex and accepts ligans so can upload and deload o2
how can inflammation cause anemia
inflammation cytokines more hepcidin less iron absorption fewer rbc
cells releasing cytokines
Tccell, nk cell
4things for erythropeosis
vitb12,9 iron, gf
sources of iron
red meat
sources of vit b
ousters and clams and shell fish
sources of folic scid
fruit
how is vitb12 absorbed
merges with intrinsic factor and crosses the small intestin
vit b def causes
anemia
iron uses
make rbc
ake mitochondiral protiens
folic acid
vit b12 or protonated form of folate
rbc lifespan
after 120 days
rbc catabolism
bd into haem and iron and globin
haem into bilirubin in kiver
iron into bm for more rbc
globin into aa into bm for more rbc
bilirubin colour.
yellow
helcidin
inhibits ferroportin and iron absorption
why is rbc biconcave
aleve, lie
so can travek through blood capillaaries more easiliy and release o2 better
blood group
refers to membrane protiens and if they are present or not a b c d \+-
rbc disease we must know
hereditary spherocytosis
hereditary spherocytosis
genetic condition where the linkages between surface orotiens are broken so membrane integrity decreases
thereofre rbc no longer biconcave but spherical
what does rbc delend on for function
haemoglobin (transport o2, sickle cell) membrane integrity (hereidatry spherocytosis) cell mer, atp (membrane poteintia, and at)
how does body respond to hypoxia
more growth factors
elevated ahematopoesis
what is haematolysis
destruction of rbc
what occurs in spleen and liver
haematolysis
what do rbc diseases such as sca or hs result in?
increased haematolysis
why might a spleen be removed
excessive haematolysis in case of disease such as sca and need to keep rbc
iron defiicency sign
hypochromia
what does G6PDD mean
glucose six phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
what dies g6 phosphate dehydrogenase nromally do
oxidises glucose six phosphate, producing some nadh
why is nadph important in rbc
used to make a chemical called reduced glutothionine, which mops up oxidative free radicles
what haplens if there is no glutothianine in the rbc
oxidative free radicle make rbc be oxidised and destriyed
G6PDD pathology basic
not enoguh NADPH by dehydrogenatinf D6PD
not enough redgkutothiamine to save rbc from free radicle
symptom of G6PDD
too much rbc breakdown causes jaundice
why does rbc need atp, any cell actually
at of ions in and out of membranes to maintain appropoate concs to prevent death by osmosis
what converts Fe3plus into Fe2plus
something with an electron- vit C
what does vit c do
hydroxylation of collagen
reduce fe3+
why does a not acidic stomach cause vitb12 def
acid separates vitb from rest of food molecules so it can bind to intrinsic factor
what is a gscf
granulocyte colony stimulating factir
a growth factor
which stem cells can self renew
HSCs
other cels such as myeloid progenitor cells are too fare down differentiation oine ot reniew
