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gen path 2 > RBC's > Flashcards

RBC's Flashcards

1
Q

three broad categories of anemias

A
  1. blood loss
  2. decreased RBC survival
  3. decreased RBC production
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2
Q

example of blood loss anemia

A

hemorrhage

trama

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3
Q

example of decreased RBC survival

A

hereditary spherocytosis
mechanical trauma
transfusion reactions

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4
Q

example of decreased RBC production

A

B12 deficiency
iron deficiency
folate deficiency
aplastic anemia

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5
Q

RBC can be intravascular hemolysis or extravascualr

A

intravascular- in the circulation

extravascular- reticuloendothelial system including spleen

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6
Q

reticuloendothelial system

A

The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen.

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7
Q

example of intravascular hemolysis

A

mechanical trauma

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8
Q

key feature of intravascular hemolysis

A

decrease haptoglobin, low levels

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9
Q

example of extravascular hemolysis

A

hereditary sperhocytosis, sickle cell anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis

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10
Q

what happens in extravascular hemolysis

A

damaged or abnormal RBC are removed in spleen, hemoglobin is broken down. hemo breakdown products increase (hyperbilirubinemia).

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11
Q

high levels of bilirubin can cause what

A

gallstones

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12
Q

intrinsic defects

A

inherited

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13
Q

4 examples of intrinsic defects

A

membrade defects- hereditary spherocytosis
abnormal hemoglobin- sickle cell anemia
lack of globin chain- thalassemia
metabolic- G6PD deficiency

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14
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

quan or qual defect in spectrin, a structural protein of cytoskeleton leads to prodution of spherocytes

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15
Q

spherocytes

A

smaller more dense RBC’s

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16
Q

why are spherocytes bad?

A
  1. cant flex as much to get into smaller capillaries
  2. more prone to rupture
  3. destroyed by spleen
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17
Q

inheritance pattern of hereditary spherocytosis

A

auto Dominant

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18
Q

what operation do people usually get with this disease

A

removing spleen, destruction of spherocytes is decreased

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19
Q

example of disease that produces abnormal hemoglobin

A

sickle cell anemia- auto codominant

20
Q

sickle shape RBC bad because…

A

they get destoryed by spleen (extravascular)

clog up smaller capillaries

21
Q

carriers of sickle cell disease have an increase resistance to what

A

malaria

22
Q

what is thalassemia

A

inherited disorder. diminished or absent synthesis of either the alpha or beta globin chains of hemoglobin. decreased production of hemo and hemo gets destroyed more by spleen (extravascular)

23
Q

decreased globin chain synthesis means decreased…

A

hemoglobin production

24
Q

principal clinical manifestation of thalassemia

A

anemia

25
Q

this is more common in persons of mediterranean, african, southeast asian descent

A

thalassemia

26
Q

intrinsic metabolic defect

A

G6PD deficiency

27
Q

what is G6PD deficiency

A

X linked inheritance. cells are susceptible to oxidant injury by drugs or toxins

28
Q

examples of extrinsic defects and whether they are intra or extravascular hemolysis

A

erythroblastosis fetalis- extravasuclar
hemolytic transfusions- intravascular
mechanical trauma- RBCs going through abnormal vavles

29
Q

important antigens in erythroblastosis fetalis

A

ABO and Rh antigens

30
Q

characterized by incrased amount of schistocytes

A

mechanical trauma- cardiac valve prosthesis

31
Q

most common cause of anemia worldwide

A

iron deficiency

32
Q

what kind of anemia is result of low iron

A

microcytic anemia- smaller RBC’s containing less hemoglobin

33
Q

low iron causes…

A
  1. inadequate intake (infants)

2. increased requirement- puberty, pregnancy, elderly

34
Q

diagnosis of microcytic anemia by

A

lab test

35
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

vit B12 and folate deficiency- leads to impaired DNA synthesis, resulting in large red cell precursor (megaloblast)

36
Q

what do you need for B12 absorption

A

intrinsic factor

37
Q

what is pernicious anemia

A

when pt’s have autoantibodies against intrinsic factor so they cant absorb vit B12

38
Q

aplastic anemia

A

decreased production of all cellular elements in blood, no predisposing cause. drugs and viral infection can cause it
STEM CELL ABNORMALITY

39
Q

what is myelophthisic anemia

A

when normal hematopoietic cells in marrow are crowded out by tumor or fibrosis

40
Q

cyanotic heart disease, living at high altitude, pulmonary disease, abnormal hemoglibin all cause what kind of polycythemia

A

secondary

41
Q

what is secondary polycythemia

A

disease or environmental factors stimulate erythropoietin, increases growth of RBC

42
Q

what is primary polycythemia

A

RBC proliferate on their own, non regulated, called polycythemia vera

43
Q

polycythemia vera can cause what

A

neurologic and visual abnormalities

44
Q

treatment of polycythemia vera

A

phlebotomy

45
Q

what distinguishes primary from secondary

A

erythropoietin levels, secondary have increased levels

gen path 2 (8 decks)

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