cardio

Question 1

types of arteriosclerosis

Answer 1

1. Atherosclerosis
2. Mönckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis
3. Arteriolosclerosis

Question 2

1. Atherosclerosis

Answer 2

characterized by the atheroma, involves large and medium arteries.

Question 3

Mönckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis

Answer 3

medial calcification without luminal narrowing or intimal disruption.

Question 4

3. Arteriolosclerosis

Answer 4

a. hyaline thickening of basement membrane
hypertension and diabetes mellitus
b. hyperplastic (proliferative) fibrocellular intimal thickening. malignant hypertension and scleroderma

Question 5

risk factors

Answer 5

Age, gender, genetics (#1 thing)

non modifiable- smoking, diabetes, hypertension,

Question 6

ADDITIONAL RISK FACTORS

Answer 6

1. Inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP – inflammatory marker)
2. Hyperhomocysteinemia
3. Lipoprotein (a) levels
4. Metabolic syndrome (obesity)
5. Type A personality (stress)
6. Lack of exercise

Question 7

number one sites for antheroslecrotic plaques

Answer 7

1. Major arterial branch points
2. Abdominal aorta
3. Coronary arteries
4. Popliteal arteries
5. Carotid arteries
6. Cerebral arteries

Question 8

COMPLICATIONS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Answer 8

1. Ischemic heart disease
2. Cerebral vascular accident (stroke)
3. Gangrene
4. Nephrosclerosis
5. Aneurysm formation due to pressure atrophy of the media with altered balance of collagen synthesis / degradation

Question 9

Response-To-Injury Hypothesis

Answer 9

Endothelial injury-resulting in endothelial
dysfunction
Accumulation of lipoproteins- – LDL and
cholesterol in the vessel wall
Monocyte adhesion- migration into intima
with differentiation into macrophages and
“foam cells” (macrophages that have
ingested lipid)
so basically, LDL cholesterol is taken up into macrophages, becomes foam cells, smooth muscle cells migrate to area, and proliferate. ECM synthesis.

Question 10

_____ accumulation in the macrophages, with

release of inflammatory cytokines

Answer 10

Lipid

Question 11

______ recruitment due to
factors released from activated platelets,
macrophages and vascular wall cells

Answer 11

Smooth muscle cell

Question 12

______ proliferation and ________ production

Answer 12

Smooth muscle cell

ECM (collagen)

Question 13

Fully developed plaque with ______ and _______

Answer 13

collagen (fibrous cap)

central lipid core

Question 14

Contributing factors include of essential hypertension

Answer 14

genetics, stress, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, increased salt.

Question 15

T/F most people have no symptoms until organ damage is done

Answer 15

TRUE. but can cause dizziness, fatigue, palpations

Question 16

pathology of essential hypertension

Answer 16

1. concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (compensated)
2. left ventricular hypertrophy plus dilation and congestive heart failure (decompensated).
3. atherosclerosis leads to ischemic heart disease, stroke and ischemic injury in other organs
4. arteriolosclerosis leads to retinal injury (visual disturbances) and kidney damage or nephrosclerosis (renal failure).

Question 17

Other complications from hypertension

Answer 17

dissecting hematoma of the aorta – longitudinal tear in the media

Question 18

environmental and hereditary factors of hypertension

Answer 18

Peripheral vascular resistance (vasoconstriction)

Reduced sodium excretion → salt and water retention → increased plasma volume and cardiac output

Question 19

secondary hypertension

Answer 19

underlining disease that causes hypertension