cardio Flashcards

1
Q

types of arteriosclerosis

A
  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Mönckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis
  3. Arteriolosclerosis
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2
Q
  1. Atherosclerosis
A

characterized by the atheroma, involves large and medium arteries.

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3
Q

Mönckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis

A

medial calcification without luminal narrowing or intimal disruption.

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4
Q
  1. Arteriolosclerosis
A

a. hyaline thickening of basement membrane
hypertension and diabetes mellitus
b. hyperplastic (proliferative) fibrocellular intimal thickening. malignant hypertension and scleroderma

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5
Q

risk factors

A

Age, gender, genetics (#1 thing)

non modifiable- smoking, diabetes, hypertension,

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6
Q

ADDITIONAL RISK FACTORS

A
  1. Inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP – inflammatory marker)
  2. Hyperhomocysteinemia
  3. Lipoprotein (a) levels
  4. Metabolic syndrome (obesity)
  5. Type A personality (stress)
  6. Lack of exercise
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7
Q

number one sites for antheroslecrotic plaques

A
  1. Major arterial branch points
  2. Abdominal aorta
  3. Coronary arteries
  4. Popliteal arteries
  5. Carotid arteries
  6. Cerebral arteries
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8
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A
  1. Ischemic heart disease
  2. Cerebral vascular accident (stroke)
  3. Gangrene
  4. Nephrosclerosis
  5. Aneurysm formation due to pressure atrophy of the media with altered balance of collagen synthesis / degradation
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9
Q

Response-To-Injury Hypothesis

A

Endothelial injury-resulting in endothelial
dysfunction
Accumulation of lipoproteins- – LDL and
cholesterol in the vessel wall
Monocyte adhesion- migration into intima
with differentiation into macrophages and
“foam cells” (macrophages that have
ingested lipid)
so basically, LDL cholesterol is taken up into macrophages, becomes foam cells, smooth muscle cells migrate to area, and proliferate. ECM synthesis.

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10
Q

_____ accumulation in the macrophages, with

release of inflammatory cytokines

A

Lipid

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11
Q

______ recruitment due to
factors released from activated platelets,
macrophages and vascular wall cells

A

Smooth muscle cell

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12
Q

______ proliferation and ________ production

A

Smooth muscle cell

ECM (collagen)

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13
Q

Fully developed plaque with ______ and _______

A

collagen (fibrous cap)

central lipid core

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14
Q

Contributing factors include of essential hypertension

A

genetics, stress, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, increased salt.

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15
Q

T/F most people have no symptoms until organ damage is done

A

TRUE. but can cause dizziness, fatigue, palpations

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16
Q

pathology of essential hypertension

A
  1. concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (compensated)
  2. left ventricular hypertrophy plus dilation and congestive heart failure (decompensated).
  3. atherosclerosis leads to ischemic heart disease, stroke and ischemic injury in other organs
  4. arteriolosclerosis leads to retinal injury (visual disturbances) and kidney damage or nephrosclerosis (renal failure).
17
Q

Other complications from hypertension

A

dissecting hematoma of the aorta – longitudinal tear in the media

18
Q

environmental and hereditary factors of hypertension

A

Peripheral vascular resistance (vasoconstriction)

Reduced sodium excretion → salt and water retention → increased plasma volume and cardiac output

19
Q

secondary hypertension

A

underlining disease that causes hypertension