cardio Flashcards
types of arteriosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis
- Mönckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis
- Arteriolosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis
characterized by the atheroma, involves large and medium arteries.
Mönckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis
medial calcification without luminal narrowing or intimal disruption.
- Arteriolosclerosis
a. hyaline thickening of basement membrane
hypertension and diabetes mellitus
b. hyperplastic (proliferative) fibrocellular intimal thickening. malignant hypertension and scleroderma
risk factors
Age, gender, genetics (#1 thing)
non modifiable- smoking, diabetes, hypertension,
ADDITIONAL RISK FACTORS
- Inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP – inflammatory marker)
- Hyperhomocysteinemia
- Lipoprotein (a) levels
- Metabolic syndrome (obesity)
- Type A personality (stress)
- Lack of exercise
number one sites for antheroslecrotic plaques
- Major arterial branch points
- Abdominal aorta
- Coronary arteries
- Popliteal arteries
- Carotid arteries
- Cerebral arteries
COMPLICATIONS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- Ischemic heart disease
- Cerebral vascular accident (stroke)
- Gangrene
- Nephrosclerosis
- Aneurysm formation due to pressure atrophy of the media with altered balance of collagen synthesis / degradation
Response-To-Injury Hypothesis
Endothelial injury-resulting in endothelial
dysfunction
Accumulation of lipoproteins- – LDL and
cholesterol in the vessel wall
Monocyte adhesion- migration into intima
with differentiation into macrophages and
“foam cells” (macrophages that have
ingested lipid)
so basically, LDL cholesterol is taken up into macrophages, becomes foam cells, smooth muscle cells migrate to area, and proliferate. ECM synthesis.
_____ accumulation in the macrophages, with
release of inflammatory cytokines
Lipid
______ recruitment due to
factors released from activated platelets,
macrophages and vascular wall cells
Smooth muscle cell
______ proliferation and ________ production
Smooth muscle cell
ECM (collagen)
Fully developed plaque with ______ and _______
collagen (fibrous cap)
central lipid core
Contributing factors include of essential hypertension
genetics, stress, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, increased salt.
T/F most people have no symptoms until organ damage is done
TRUE. but can cause dizziness, fatigue, palpations