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Hematology Exam 1 > RBC Metabolism & Senescence > Flashcards

RBC Metabolism & Senescence Flashcards

0
Q

High temperature shifts to what direction?

A

Right

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1
Q

Low temperature shifts to what direction?

A

Left

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2
Q

Do nucleated RBC replicate?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Is there DNA synthesis in nucleated RBC?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Is there RNA synthesis in nucleated RBC?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Is there lipid synthesis in nucleated RBC?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Is there heme synthesis in nucleated RBC?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Are mitochondria in nucleated RBC?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Are RNA present in nucleated RBC?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Is there replication in reticulocytes?

A

No

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10
Q

Is there DNA synthesis in reticulocytes?

A

No

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11
Q

Is there RNA synthesis in reticulocytes?

A

No

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12
Q

Is there lipid synthesis in reticulocytes?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Is there heme synthesis in reticulocytes?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Are mitochondria in reticulocytes?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Are RNA present in reticulocytes?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Is there replication in mature RBC?

A

No

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17
Q

Is there DNA synthesis in mature RBC?

A

No

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18
Q

Is there RNA synthesis in mature RBC?

A

No

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19
Q

Is there heme synthesis in mature RBC?

A

No

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20
Q

Are there mitochondria present in mature RBC?

A

No

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21
Q

Are there RNA present in mature RBC?

A

No

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22
Q

What are the functions of mature RBC?

A

Carries Hb to transport oxygen & CO2
Maintains shape & deformability
Maintains cell volume
Requires energy & generates ATP

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23
Q

What are the four metabolic pathways of RBC?

A
  1. Embden Meyerhof
  2. Hexose mono-phosphate shunt
  3. Luebrering Rapaport pathway
  4. Methemoglobin reductase pathway
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24
Q

How much energy does the Embden Meyerhof pathway use?

A

90%

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25
Q

What is produced from the Embden Meyerhof pathway?

A

2 ATP

NADH

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26
Q

What does the Embden Meyerhof convert?

A

Glucose to lactate

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27
Q

How much energy does the Hexose monophosphate shunt use?

A

5-10% of energy

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28
Q

What does the Hexose monophosphate shunt produce?

A

NADPH

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29
Q

In the hexose monophosphate shunt, what purpose does NADPH serve?

A

NADPH with glutathione are protective against oxidative damage to the cell

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30
Q

What does G-6PD deficiency cause?

A

Low reduced glutathione concentration

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31
Q

What does globin denatured and precipitates as?

A

Heinz bodies

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32
Q

A G-6PD deficiency will affect what pathway?

A

Hexose monophosphate shunt

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33
Q

The Luebering Rapaport Pathway produces what?

A

RBC organic phosphate 2,3-DPG

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34
Q

What does 2,3-DPG function in the Luebering Rapaport Pathway?

A

Respiratory movement

A store of ATP

35
Q

What pathway is responsible for producing most of the 2,3-DPG?

A

Luebering Rapaport

36
Q

What metabolic pathway is responsible for 90% of the energy produced in RBC?

A

Emben Meyerhoff

37
Q

A G-6PD deficiency affects glutathione processing and the cells have what?

A

Heinz bodies

38
Q

The methemoglobin reductase pathway maintains what?

A

Heme iron in the ferrous state

39
Q

Deficiency in the methemoglobin reductase pathway causes the buildup of what?

A

Methemoglobin

40
Q

As RBC age they lose what characteristics?

A

Elasticity & deformability

41
Q

What do RBC acquire as they age?

A

Na
IgC coating
Methemoglobin
Spheroid shape

42
Q

What removes RBC?

A

Extravascular hemolysis

43
Q

When RBCs are removed what happens to their parts?

A

They are stripped of their parts & salvaged

44
Q

A small amount of RBC are removed by what?

A

Intravascular hemolysis

45
Q

What is the reticuloendothelial system?

A

Cells in the body that take up foreign material from the blood stream & other body fluids
AKA macrophage

46
Q

Where are macrophages present in?

A 
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
Liver
Lung alveoli
47
Q

What is another name for the reticuloendothelial system?

A

Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)

48
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Becomes enlarged with infection

Removes RBC, WBC, & platelets

49
Q

What are the important parts of the GI tract?

A

Common bile duct
Pancreas
Pancreatic duct

50
Q

What are the components of Heme?

A

Globins
Iron
Heme

51
Q

Where are the RBC removed and the parts are stripped and salvaged?

A

In the reticuloendothelial system (RES)

52
Q

In extravascular hemolyis, what are broken down into amino acids & salvaged?

A

Globins

53
Q

In extravascular hemoysis, what is transported by Transferrin back to bone marrow?

A

Iron

54
Q

In extravascular hemolysis what is dimantled and degraded?

A

Heme

55
Q

What happens to the globins, iron, and heme in extravascular hemolysis?

A

Globins - broken down to amino acids & salvaged
Iron - transported by Transferrin back to bone marrow
Heme - dismantled & degraded

56
Q

The open tetrapyrrole ring of heme is cleaved into ____ which is converted to _____, bound to ______ & carried to the liver.

A

Biliverdin
Bilirubin
Albumin

57
Q

Is bilirubin conjugated or unconjugated?

A

Unconjugated

58
Q

In the liver bilirubin is conjugated to _______ & excreted in bile to the intestines.

A

Bilirubin glucoronide

59
Q

Is bilirubin glucoronide conjugated or unconjugated?

A

Conugated

60
Q

In the intestines bilirubin glucoronide is converted to _____ & excreted in the stool or reabsorbed & later excreted in the urine.

A

Urobilinogen

61
Q

Explain the process of extravascular hemolysis.

A

Globin & iron portions of the molecule are conserved & reutiilized. Heme is reduced to bilirubin & eventually degraded to urobilinogen, & excreted into the feces. Indirect indicators of erythrocyte destruction include the blood bilirubin level & urobilinogen concentration in the urine.

62
Q

The first bilirubin metabolite produced by destruction of heme is?

A

Biliverdin

63
Q

Bilirubin in the circulation must be bound to?

A

Albumin

64
Q

Bilirubin glucuronide is stored in the gall bladder and?

A

Shipped to the small intestine

65
Q

Bacteria in the intestine convert bilirubin-glucuronide to?

A

Urobilinogen

66
Q

Elevated Urobilinogen in the urine indicates increased hemolysis - T/F

A

True

67
Q

Intravascular hemolysis accounts for what percentage of RBC destruction?

A

5-10%

68
Q

Hemoglobin released into blood stream is toxic to the kidney - T/F

A

True

69
Q

Alpha & beta globins bind to what?

A

Haptoglobin

70
Q

In intravascular hemolysis, _______ is transported to liver.

A

Haptoglobin-hemoglobin

71
Q

A ______ ______ indicates intravascular hemolysis/

A

Decreased haptoglobin

72
Q

A decreased haptoglobin indicates _____ ____.

A

Intravascular hemolysis

73
Q

After haptoglobin is depleted in urine, free hemoglobin dimers appear in plasma as _____ & are filtered through the kidneys as _____.

A

Hemoglobinemia

Hemoglobinuria

74
Q

Plasma can be what colors?

A

Red, pink, or brown

75
Q

Urine may be what colors?

A

Pink, red brown, or black

76
Q

What color is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Red, usually in alkaline urine

77
Q

When urine is red, what type of hemoglobin is it?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

78
Q

What color is methemoglobin?

A

Brown, usually in acid urine

79
Q

In acid urine, what type of hemoglobin is present?

A

Methemoglobin

80
Q

Free metheme in the circulation binds to what?

A

Hemopexin

81
Q

What are laboratory indicators of hemolysis?

A

Total bilirubin
Conjuagted (direct) bilirubin
Urine urobilinogen
Haptoglobin

82
Q

What is decreased following intravascular hemolysis?

A

Haptoglobin

83
Q

Blood in intravascular hemolysis are what shape?

A

Schistocytes

84
Q

Blood in extravascular hemolysis are what shape?

A

Spherocytes

Hematology Exam 1 (7 decks)

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