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Pathology > RBC disorders > Flashcards

RBC disorders Flashcards

1
Q

blood composition

A

55% plasma, 40% cells,

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2
Q

reticulocytes

A

newly formed red blood cells

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3
Q

haemopoiesis

A

formation of new blood cells

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4
Q

process of haemopoiesis

A

starts in yolk sac, then liver and spleen, then bone marrow

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5
Q

extramedulla

A

outside of the bone marrow

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6
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of red blood cells

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7
Q

what is the earliest cell type in erythropoiesis to recognise?

A

normoblast

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8
Q

essential dietary constituents of erythropoiesis

A

iron, vit B12, folic acid

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9
Q

anaemia

A

deficiency of red blood cells

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10
Q

what are the Three major types of anaemia

A
  • hypochromic microcytic with a low MCV (Fe deficiency)
  • normochromic normocytic with a normal MCV
  • macrocytic with a high MCV (megaloblastic)
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11
Q

Pathological consequences of anaemia

A

tissue hypoxia

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12
Q

signs and symptoms of anaemia

A

fatigue
headaches
faintness
pallor (conjunctiva)

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13
Q

Laboratory investigations for anaemia

A

decreased RBC count, haemoglobin and packed cell volume. abnormal blood film

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14
Q

blood film features in anaemic samples

A

− Anisocytosis: variation in size
− Poikilocytosis: variation in shape
− Anisochromasia: variation in haemoglobinisation

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15
Q

causes of anaemia

A 
Suppressed proliferation
 e.g. aplastic bone marrow
Defective maturation
 e.g. haematinic deficiency
increased destruction
e.g. haemorrhage, haemolysis
increased reticulocytes
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16
Q

Mechanisms of Fe deficiency

A
  • Increased demands
  • Chronic blood loss
  • Poor diet
  • Malabsorption
17
Q

megaloblasts

A

erythrocytes with delayed nucleus maturation

18
Q

how to detect Fe deficiency using microscopy

A

doesn’t stain as darkly

19
Q

howell-jolly bodies

A

nucleated RBCs

20
Q

causes of Megaloblastic Anaemia

A

Deficiency of B12 and folate
Abnormal metabolism of B12 and folate
Other defects of DNA synthesis

21
Q

why is vit B12 and folate importnat?

A

needed for methylation of uridine into thymine

22
Q

Associated chronic diseases of anaemia

A

− Chronic microbial infections (e.g. osteomyelitis)
− Chronic immune disorders (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis)
− Neoplasm (e.g. Hodgkin’s lymphoma, lung carcinoma)

23
Q

treatment of chronic anaemia

A

treat underlying condition and give erythropoietin

24
Q

Aplastic anaemia

A

pancytopenia with hypocellularity of bone marrow - lacks many other blood cells types as well

25
Q

Major causes of aplastic anaemia

A

idiopathic, chemical agents (used in chemotherapy, cytotoxic antibiotics), physical agents, viral infections

26
Q

signs of aplastic anaemia

A

− Bruising, bleeding gums and epistaxis

− Mouth infection

27
Q

Bone marrow examination of aplastic anaemia

A

hypocellular marrow with increased fat spaces

28
Q

causes of haemoglobin abnormalities

A

Mostly caused by single point mutation of subunit
Abnormal globin chain structure
Imbalanced globin chain production

29
Q

sickle cell disease cause

A

single base pair mutation (A becomes T meaning Glu becomes Val) that leads to abnormal beta globin chains - inherited HbS variant

30
Q

cause of Thalassaemias

A

abnormalities of globin chain (a or b) synthesis

31
Q

Thalassaemias diagnosed by…

A

haemoglobin electrophoresis

32
Q

Red cell enzyme

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

G6PD

33
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase importance

A

vital in hexose monophosphate shunt - maintains glutathione in a reduced state to protect against oxidant injury

34
Q

cause of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

X linked condition that leads to a single amino acid substitution

35
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency laboratory investigations

A

bite cells and blister cells in blood film, increased bilirubin

36
Q

bite cells vs blister cells

A

bite - oxidised, some parts taken away

blister - some parts beginning to repair

Pathology (8 decks)

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