Nomenclature and classification of disease

Question 1

Nomenclature

Answer 1

The system of names used in medicine. It provides a definition and a concept

Question 2

Purpose of nomenclature

Answer 2

Enables accurate epidemiological studies and aid communication across the globe. Ideas and information can be exchanged to advance the field of research

Question 3

Disease

Answer 3

A condition in which the presence of an abnormality of the body causes a loss of normal health. Arises if the patient is unable to adapt to a challenge

Question 4

Structural abnormalities

Answer 4

Symptoms of visible and observable within the patient or the morphology of the cells

Question 5

Functional abnormalities

Answer 5

Changes can’t be seen but are instead measured

Question 6

Clinical signs

Answer 6

Objective changes that a doctor can observe and use for diagnosis

Question 7

Clinical symptoms

Answer 7

What the patient feels and reports to the doctor to aid diagnosis

Question 8

Primary disease

Answer 8

Disease without an apparent cause (appears to happen on its own). Examples include essential, idiopathic, spontaneous and cryptogenic

Question 9

Secondary disease

Answer 9

The disease is a complication or manifestation of an underlying lesion and therefore has a clear cause

Question 10

What are the two ways primary secondary nomenclature is used?

Answer 10

To describe the causation of a disease and to distinguish between the initial and subsequent stages

Question 11

Acute disease

Answer 11

The disease as a rapid onset what is not always followed by a rapid resolution although it can be completely keyboard

Question 12

Chronic disease

Answer 12

The disease may follow an acute initial episode and has a prolonged course that may be lifelong

Question 13

Purpose of using acute and chronic nomenclature

Answer 13

To describe the dynamics of the disease

Question 14

Purpose of using benign and malignant nomenclature

Answer 14

Classifies certain diseases according to the likely outcome

Question 15

Benign tumours

Answer 15

Remain localised to the tissue of origin and are rarely fatal

Question 16

Malignant tumours

Answer 16

Invade and spread from the origin the commonly fatal. Usually secondary tumours that have metastasised from the primary origin

Question 17

Ana-

Answer 17

Absence

Question 18

-osis

Answer 18

Abnormal increase

Question 19

-oid

Answer 19

Bearing resemblance to

Question 20

-plasia

Answer 20

abnormal growth - relating to cell number

Question 21

-opathy

Answer 21

Abnormal state lacking specific or typical characteristics

Question 22

Carcinoma

Answer 22

Epithelial cell tumour

Question 23

Sarcoma

Answer 23

Connective tissue tumour

Question 24

Eponymous names

Answer 24

Disease is named after a person or place associated with it. Example the scientist who discovered it or the first patient discovered to have it or the place where it was discovered or where an outbreak took place

Question 25

Aims of classifying a disease

Answer 25

Determine the best treatment, estimate the prognosis and ascertain the cause so the disease can be prevented in the future. Also prevents misdiagnosis

Question 26

Prognosis

Answer 26

The likely course or outcome of a medical condition

Question 27

What are most disease classifications based on?

Answer 27

Aetiology and pathogenesis

Question 28

Genetic diseases

Answer 28

Abnormalities in the genome. Mostly inherited but some occur due to new mutations. Protein molecule products become dysfunctional

Question 29

Acquired diseases

Answer 29

Environmental causes

Question 30

Congenital diseases

Answer 30

Initiated before or during birth but manifestations occur clinically during adult life. Possibly due to latent symptoms or detection methods not being sensitive enough area on

Question 31

Pathogenesis

Answer 31

The mechanisms of a disease

Question 32

Aetiology

Answer 32

The causes of a disease

Question 33

Epidemiology

Answer 33

The incidence, prevalence and population distribution of disease (patterns of occurrence within a group of people geographically)

Question 34

Characteristics of disease

Answer 34

Aetiology, Pathogenesis, pathological and clinical manifestations, complications, prognosis and epidemiology

Question 35

Complications

Answer 35

Secondary effects of a disease - the result of it rather than an actual part of it

Question 36

How are structural and functional (pathological) features identified?

Answer 36

Through lab tests and investigations

Question 37

Risk factor

Answer 37

Closely associated with the disease but is not actually the cause of it - may increase the chances or severity of the disease

Question 38

Pathogenesis of inflammation

Answer 38

Response to many microorganisms and other harmful agents causing tissue injury – infiltration of immune cells and inflammatory mediators to increase blood supply

Question 39

Pathogenesis of degeneration

Answer 39

A deterioration of cells or tissues especially in the brain in response to or A failure of adapting to a variety of agents such as radiation

Question 40

Pathogenesis of carcinogenesis

Answer 40

The mechanism by which cancer-causing agents result of the development of tumours

Question 41

Common symptoms

Answer 41

Pain, fever and nausea

Question 42

Syndrome

Answer 42

Combination of signs and symptoms or combination of lesions without which, the disease cannot be recognised for diagnosis

Question 43

Lesions

Answer 43

The structural and functional abnormality responsible for the ill-health

Question 44

Purpose of prognosis

Answer 44

To plan appropriate treatment interventions and give useful information to patients

Question 45

Morbidity

Answer 45

The incidence of new cases of illness with a population any given time. Usually used for short-term illnesses

Question 46

Mortality

Answer 46

The probability that death is the end result of a disease. Expressed as a percentage of all patients with a disease

Question 47

Prevalence

Answer 47

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specific population in time – past cases also count as long as they have not been cured or recovered. Usually long-term/chronic illnesses