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Pathology > Nomenclature and classification of disease > Flashcards

Nomenclature and classification of disease Flashcards

1
Q

Nomenclature

A

The system of names used in medicine. It provides a definition and a concept

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2
Q

Purpose of nomenclature

A

Enables accurate epidemiological studies and aid communication across the globe. Ideas and information can be exchanged to advance the field of research

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3
Q

Disease

A

A condition in which the presence of an abnormality of the body causes a loss of normal health. Arises if the patient is unable to adapt to a challenge

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4
Q

Structural abnormalities

A

Symptoms of visible and observable within the patient or the morphology of the cells

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5
Q

Functional abnormalities

A

Changes can’t be seen but are instead measured

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6
Q

Clinical signs

A

Objective changes that a doctor can observe and use for diagnosis

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7
Q

Clinical symptoms

A

What the patient feels and reports to the doctor to aid diagnosis

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8
Q

Primary disease

A

Disease without an apparent cause (appears to happen on its own). Examples include essential, idiopathic, spontaneous and cryptogenic

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9
Q

Secondary disease

A

The disease is a complication or manifestation of an underlying lesion and therefore has a clear cause

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10
Q

What are the two ways primary secondary nomenclature is used?

A

To describe the causation of a disease and to distinguish between the initial and subsequent stages

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11
Q

Acute disease

A

The disease as a rapid onset what is not always followed by a rapid resolution although it can be completely keyboard

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12
Q

Chronic disease

A

The disease may follow an acute initial episode and has a prolonged course that may be lifelong

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13
Q

Purpose of using acute and chronic nomenclature

A

To describe the dynamics of the disease

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14
Q

Purpose of using benign and malignant nomenclature

A

Classifies certain diseases according to the likely outcome

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15
Q

Benign tumours

A

Remain localised to the tissue of origin and are rarely fatal

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16
Q

Malignant tumours

A

Invade and spread from the origin the commonly fatal. Usually secondary tumours that have metastasised from the primary origin

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17
Q

Ana-

A

Absence

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18
Q

-osis

A

Abnormal increase

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19
Q

-oid

A

Bearing resemblance to

20
Q

-plasia

A

abnormal growth - relating to cell number

21
Q

-opathy

A

Abnormal state lacking specific or typical characteristics

22
Q

Carcinoma

A

Epithelial cell tumour

23
Q

Sarcoma

A

Connective tissue tumour

24
Q

Eponymous names

A

Disease is named after a person or place associated with it. Example the scientist who discovered it or the first patient discovered to have it or the place where it was discovered or where an outbreak took place

25
Q

Aims of classifying a disease

A

Determine the best treatment, estimate the prognosis and ascertain the cause so the disease can be prevented in the future. Also prevents misdiagnosis

26
Q

Prognosis

A

The likely course or outcome of a medical condition

27
Q

What are most disease classifications based on?

A

Aetiology and pathogenesis

28
Q

Genetic diseases

A

Abnormalities in the genome. Mostly inherited but some occur due to new mutations. Protein molecule products become dysfunctional

29
Q

Acquired diseases

A

Environmental causes

30
Q

Congenital diseases

A

Initiated before or during birth but manifestations occur clinically during adult life. Possibly due to latent symptoms or detection methods not being sensitive enough area on

31
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The mechanisms of a disease

32
Q

Aetiology

A

The causes of a disease

33
Q

Epidemiology

A

The incidence, prevalence and population distribution of disease (patterns of occurrence within a group of people geographically)

34
Q

Characteristics of disease

A

Aetiology, Pathogenesis, pathological and clinical manifestations, complications, prognosis and epidemiology

35
Q

Complications

A

Secondary effects of a disease - the result of it rather than an actual part of it

36
Q

How are structural and functional (pathological) features identified?

A

Through lab tests and investigations

37
Q

Risk factor

A

Closely associated with the disease but is not actually the cause of it - may increase the chances or severity of the disease

38
Q

Pathogenesis of inflammation

A

Response to many microorganisms and other harmful agents causing tissue injury – infiltration of immune cells and inflammatory mediators to increase blood supply

39
Q

Pathogenesis of degeneration

A

A deterioration of cells or tissues especially in the brain in response to or A failure of adapting to a variety of agents such as radiation

40
Q

Pathogenesis of carcinogenesis

A

The mechanism by which cancer-causing agents result of the development of tumours

41
Q

Common symptoms

A

Pain, fever and nausea

42
Q

Syndrome

A

Combination of signs and symptoms or combination of lesions without which, the disease cannot be recognised for diagnosis

43
Q

Lesions

A

The structural and functional abnormality responsible for the ill-health

44
Q

Purpose of prognosis

A

To plan appropriate treatment interventions and give useful information to patients

45
Q

Morbidity

A

The incidence of new cases of illness with a population any given time. Usually used for short-term illnesses

46
Q

Mortality

A

The probability that death is the end result of a disease. Expressed as a percentage of all patients with a disease

47
Q

Prevalence

A

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specific population in time – past cases also count as long as they have not been cured or recovered. Usually long-term/chronic illnesses

Pathology (8 decks)

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