Inflammation

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

Biology reaction to noxious stimulus (such as microbes), burns and trauma

Question 2

Inflamatio

Answer 2

To set on fire

Question 3

Five cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 3

Redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (calor), pain (dolor) and loss of function (functio laesa)

Question 4

Acute inflammation

Answer 4

Rapid immune response to deliver leucocytes and antibodies to fight infection or injury

Question 5

What are the three major components of acute inflammation?

Answer 5

Vascular dilation to increase Bloodflow, microvasculature structural changes to allow leucocytes to leave circulation and enter the tissue, emigration, accumulation and activation of leucocytes

Question 6

Pro inflammatory mediators in vascular smooth-muscle

Answer 6

Histamine, bradykinin and nitric oxide

Question 7

Mechanisms of increased vascular permeability

Answer 7

Endothelial cells contract, injured endothelial cells detach, increase transport of plasma proteins and fluid from blood vessels into the tissue tissue

Question 8

Cellular components of acute inflammation

Answer 8

Leucocytes that attach to adhesion molecules at site – act as phagocytes or release granules (neutrophils). Monocytes. Inflammatory mediators

Question 9

chemotaxis

Answer 9

cells attracted by chemotactic agents

Question 10

examples of chemoattractants

Answer 10

exogenous - bacterial toxins

endogenous - complement components, cytokines and lipoxygenase pathway products

Question 11

toll-like receptor

Answer 11

recognise biological pathogens to allow phagocytosis

Question 12

methods of leucocyte recognition

Answer 12

receptors/GPCRs for microbial products, opsonins, cytokines

Question 13

how do phagocytes kill engulfed pathogens?

Answer 13

fuse with lysosome where they are degranulated by ROS and enzymes

Question 14

what are the four morphological patterns of acute inflammation?

Answer 14

fibrinous, purulent, serous and ulcerative

Question 15

outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 15

complete resolution, healing by connective tissue replacement with scar tissues (fibrosis), progression into chronic inflammation

Question 16

Chronic inflammation

Answer 16

Not characterised by the 5 signs of acute

inflammation. Prolonged duration

Question 17

Causes of chronic

inflammation

Answer 17

Persistent infection by a pathogenic insult, Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
(autoimmune, allergic), Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents

Question 18

Morphology of chronic

inflammation

Answer 18

Infiltration of mononuclear cells, Tissue destruction, Attempts at healing by connective tissue
replacement

Question 19

primary cellular infiltration in acute vs chronic inflammation

Answer 19

acute - neutrophils

chronic - macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells

Question 20

Changes in chronic

inflammation

Answer 20

difficult to remove, more lymphocytes and macrophages, less neutrophils, antigen presentation, granulomas, angiogenesis, fibrosis

Question 21

granuloma

Answer 21

special type of chronic inflammation

Question 22

caseating

Answer 22

result of mycobacterial infection e.g. TB

Question 23

non-caseating

Answer 23

autoimmune

Question 24

Granuloma caused by…

Answer 24

resistance to phagocytosis

Question 25

sarcoidosis

Answer 25

enlarged lymph nodes

Question 26

systemic signs associated with chronic inflammation

Answer 26

low grade

fever (+1-4 degrees), weight loss, anaemia

Question 27

purpose of fever

Answer 27

to denature bacteria proteins, stimulated by cytokines and mediators

Question 28

Acute phase protein

Answer 28

produced by the liver - C-creative protein (CRP), Fibrinogen, Serum amyloid A (SAA