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Soci 327 Midterm 2 > Rates, Trends, And Perceptions > Flashcards

Rates, Trends, And Perceptions Flashcards

1
Q

fear statistics

A

90% felt safe walking alone in their neighbourhood

83% worried about staying home alone

58% of Canadians felt safe using public transportation at night

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2
Q

Fear

A

Fear of crime is gendered

Aging slightly affects fest of crime

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3
Q

Crime rates

A

1.8 million crimes reported to police

Decreasing

21% considered violent
79% deemed non violent

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4
Q

Main types of crimes reported to the police

A

Violent
Property
Other

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5
Q

Violent crime

A

98% fall into this category
90% sexual assaults go unreported

Reduction of 15,000 
Level three assaults 
Sexual assaults 
Robbery 
Harassment

Increase:
Extortion
Sexual violations against children
Abductions

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6
Q

Property crime

A

Committed with the intent to acquire property without violence or threat of violence

Most common: 88%
Theft under $5,000 
Mischief
Break and enter 
Fraud
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7
Q

Other criminal code

A

Prostitution accounted for most of the decline

Decrease in counterfeiting

Largest increase was in terrorist offences and child pornography

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8
Q

Trend in how society depicts certain acts

A
  • Demographics (age structure)
  • Reporting (norms)
  • police procedures and polices
  • social and economic factors
  • technological change (hacking, identity theft)
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9
Q

Trends II

A

Researchers look for correlates of criminal behaviour to better understand why crime rates fluctuate

Police have a significant ant impact upon some crime rates

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10
Q

Lag effect

A

Age is the most important cause
Contentious claim

Influenced by the age cohort referred to as the baby boomers

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11
Q

Crime statistics

A

Based upon reports to police, self reports, and victimization reports

None entirely accurate

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12
Q

CUCRs

A

The uniform crime reporting system

Designed to generate reliable crime statistics

Applies standard definitions to all offences

Implemented in 1988 and operational in 1992

Collected incident based data rather than summary data ***

Victims age, sex , victim accused relationship, level of injury, type of weapon causing injury, and drug or alcohol use

Info on the accused: age, sex, type of charges laid or recommended, and drug and or alcohol use

Info on the circumstances of the incident

UCR2 consists of repeats from fewer police services

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13
Q

CUCR criticisms

A

Much unknown crime is not reported

Only the most serious crimes are included

Weighting of crimes: decrease in some crimes is nullified by an increase in others

Recording problems:**

  • For non violent crime, one incident is counted for each incident
  • for violent crimes, a separate incident is recorded for each victim
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14
Q

Victimization data

A

UCRs are deemed problematic

Lack of reporting is an issue

88% sexual assault = unreported
77% household thefts
66% property thefts

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15
Q

Victimization surveys

A
  • Help estimate unrecorded crime
  • Explain why victims do not report crimes to the police
  • provide information about the impact of crime on victims
  • identify populations at risk of being victimized
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16
Q

Victimization survey criticisms

A

Not perfect

Many crime are not reported

Some social groups are more likely to report being victimized
(Different classes trust police more)

17
Q

Triangulation

A

Victimization surveys
Self report surveys
UCR

18
Q

Measuring crime

A 
Triangulation: 
1. CUCRs 
2. Victimization surveys 
CUVS, GSS, VAWS 
3. Self report surveys
19
Q

Victimization surveys reveal that:

A

CUCRs underestimate the true amount of crime - 31% were reported (less than 1/3)

25% of Canadians over 15 were victimized by at least one crime in the past twelve months

Younger people are more vulnerable to crime

20
Q

Self report surveys

A

Asking people directly about their involvement in crime

Perpetrators attitudes, values, personal characteristics, and behaviour

Most focus on youth, age of onset, and drug offenders

21
Q

Types of crime measured

A

Crimes against the person (violent)

  • robbery
  • Homicide
  • Assault
  • harassment

Crimes against property

  • breaking and entering
  • theft

Other

  • white collar
  • money laundering
22
Q

Crimes against the person

A

21% of all crimes reported
(1/5)

They are the most feared because they involve the greatest amount of physical harm

23
Q

Homicide

A

When a person directly or indirectly causes the death of a human being

505 in Canada (2009)

Culpable (deserving of blame)
Non culpable (suicide, self defence)

First degree, second degree, manslaughter, infanticide

Correlation that when the level of homicides is high, other crimes are high

27% involved a shooting
40% stabbing
21% beating

Handgun was most used
Most victims knew their killer
Him idea have decreased

24
Q

Sexual assault

A

When a person is sexually assaulted or pledged, or when an attempt is made to do so

5.5% of all violent crimes; but only 10% are reported

25
Q

Assault

A

Most frequent
54%

34 % reported (1/3) most are level 1

GSS suggests that makes are more likely to be assault victims

26
Q

Robbery

A

Rate is declining

Considered a violent crime cause it includes violence or threat of violence
Most suffer no injury

27
Q

Criminal harassment (stalking)

A

When someone follows or communicates with someone, repeatedly watches a person’s house or workplace, or directly threatens that person of member of their families causing fear

5% of all violent incidents

Sex and stalking 76% included female victims

28
Q

Forcible confinement

A

Increasing

No transportation involved (cannot be used as kidnapping cause that involves transporting)

3 primary situations:
Being held against ones will by spouse
Disputes between friends and acquaintances
Robberies and break and enters

29
Q

Property

A

Account for majority

not include the use or threat of violence ***

30
Q

Breaking and entering

A

Most serious

Max penalty is life imprisonment for entering a home

Three classifications:
Business, residential and other

Home invasions = top 5
Breaking and entering is the 4th largest

31
Q

Theft

A

Includes theft under $5,000 and theft over $5,000

43 % of property crimes

Decreasing since 2004

32
Q

Motor vehicle theft

A

Involves taking or attempting to take a vehicle without consent

33
Q

Other criminal code incidents

A

Include counterfeiting, weapons offences, child pornography, disturbing the peace, administration of justice violations, prostitution.

White collar crime and money laundering
those perpetrated in the course of a legitimate occupation (65 billion ponzu scheme)

Money laundering occurs when property obtained by crime is concealed or converted into legitimate assets (drug money)

34
Q

Ponzi scheme

A

Taking in money, not investing

Promising high rate of return for investing but just accumulate the money (stealing)

Soci 327 Midterm 2 (9 decks)

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