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APES1001 Block 3 > Rat dissection 1: external features, alimentary canal and associated vasculature > Flashcards

Rat dissection 1: external features, alimentary canal and associated vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

Laboratory rat

A

Rattus norvegicus

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2
Q

Aboral

A

The end opposite the mouth

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3
Q

Oral

A

The end containing the mouth

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4
Q

Anterior

A

The head end:

Usually the end of a thinner animal that meets the environment

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5
Q

Posterior

A

The tail end

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6
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail

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7
Q

Cephalic

A

Toward the head

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8
Q

Distal

A

Away from the point of attachment of a structure on the body
(E.g the toes are distal to the knee)

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9
Q

Dorsal

A

The back of an animal, usually the upper surface, synonymous with posterior for animals that walk upright

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10
Q

Ventral

A

The belly of an animal, usually the lower surface, synonymous with anterior for animals that walk upright

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11
Q

Inferior

A

Below a point of reference

E.g. the mouth is inferior to the nose in humans

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12
Q

Superior

A

Above a point of reference

E.g. the head is superior to the neck

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13
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images

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14
Q

Medial (median)

A

On or near to the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images

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15
Q

What is the buccal cavity

A

The area inside the mouth bound

  • anteriorly & laterally by the lips and cheeks
  • posteriorly and medially by the teeth and/or gums
  • also know. As the oral vestibule
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16
Q

Which two cavities are separated by the roof of the mouth?

A

Oral cavity separated from nasal cavity

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17
Q

Dental formula of rat

A

1 0 0 3

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18
Q

Dental formula for human

A

2 1 2 3

19
Q

Deductions from dental formula of rat

A
  • large incisors made from hard enamel = teeth are for biting hard substances such as vegetables and seeds
  • molars at back of mouth = chewing
  • no canines or premolars, thus not designed to tear or chew meat
  • designed for herbivorous environment
20
Q

Deductions from dental formula of human

A
  • Humans have incisors and molars = nite and chew harder foods - vegetables
  • humans adapted for omnivorous diet
21
Q

Which system do the lymph nodes belong to

A

The lymphatic system

22
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A
  • Form part of the immune response

- filter blood and create lymphocytes which attack pathogens in our blood

23
Q

What is the function of the Harderian gland?

A
  • photo protective organ
  • locomotion of immune response
  • source of thermoregulatory lipids
  • source of pheromones
  • site of osmoregulation
  • lubricant of eye and nictitating membrane (third eyelid)
24
Q

Function of the pectoralis membrane

A

Enables the movement of the arms towards the body

25
Q

Do rats have a gall bladder?

Explain.

A

No
Rats do not have a gall bladder as they do not need to store bile
- bile is secreted directly from the liver into the small intestine via the hepatic bile duct

26
Q

Function of cardiac region of stomach

A

Prevents reflux back up to the oesophagus

27
Q

Function of pyloric region of the stomach

A

(Specifically pyloric sphincter)

Prevents food from exiting stomach until lit has been sufficiently digested and broken down

28
Q

Function of the caecum

A
  • absorbs water & salts from undigested foods after intestinal digestion
  • mixes it with mucus for lubrication
29
Q

Why don’t humans have a caecum?

A
  • in herbivores: caecum stores food material where bacteria are able to break down the cellulose
  • function no longer occurs in human caecum
  • (in humans) deadened pouch forming part of the large intestine
30
Q

What is the function of the spleen and to which organ system does it belong?

A
  • filters bloods
  • aids in homeostasis of bodily fluids
  • aids in immune system
  • forms part of lymphatic system in the body
31
Q

What does it mean if a vessel is unpaired?

A

The vessel does not have a matching branch

32
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein

A
  • carries deoxygenated blood from digestive organs and spleen to liver
33
Q

Function of mouth

A
  • site of ingestion

- where saliva and teeth break down food

34
Q

Oesophagus

A
  • pathway of boils between mouth and stomach

- movement through peristalsis

35
Q

Liver

A
  • Provides bile

- used to emulsify fats

36
Q

Stomach

A
  • chemically and mechanically breaks down the bolus further
37
Q

Gallbladder

A

Bile storage

38
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes pancreatic juices

39
Q

Large intestine

A

Pathway for chyme to allow for absorption of water from chyme

40
Q

Small intestine

A

Absorption of nutrients

41
Q

Appendix

A

Storage of good/ ‘helpful’ bacteria

42
Q

Rectum

A

Intermediate storage of feces

43
Q

Anus

A

Region through which feces exit the body

APES1001 Block 3 (11 decks)

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