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Anatomy > RAT 9 > Flashcards

RAT 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory structures of the integument? From which tissue type are they derived?

A
  • hair nails and glands
  • epithelium
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2
Q

What are some functions of human hair?

A

Protection Sensation Thermoregulation

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3
Q

What tissue composes hair?

A

Squamous keratinzed epithelial cells

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4
Q

What are the two parts of a hair?

A

Shaft, Root

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5
Q

Are there any cells in the shaft still living?

A

No

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6
Q

Which part of the hair undergoes mitosis?

A

Matrix

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7
Q

What is the hair follicle?

A

An infolding of the epidermis in which a hair is embedded in the skin

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8
Q

In a transverse section, what are the three regions of a hair?

A

Inner Medulla, Middle Cortex, Outer Cuticle

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9
Q

What is the smooth muscle that attaches to a hair follicle? What does it do?

A
  • arrector pili
  • attach to the dermal root sheath on one end and the dermal papillary on the other end
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10
Q

Describe the three types of hair?

A

Lanugo: fetus has a thin, nonpigmented type covers the whole body
Terminal Hair: thicker, coarser, and pigmented
Vellus: thinner, nonpigmented

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11
Q

What pigment largely determines hair color?

A

Melanin

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12
Q

Nails are composed of what type of tissue?

A

Stratified Squamos Epithelium

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13
Q

What sits on top of the epidermal nail bed?

A

Nail Plate

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14
Q

What is the nail body?

A

Portion you can see

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15
Q

Nail Root

A

Under the skin

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16
Q

Nail Matrix

A

Contains actively dividing cells

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17
Q

What is another term for cuticle?

A

Eponychium

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18
Q

Where does nail growth occur?

A

Nail Matrix

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19
Q

Lunula

A

Opaque region near the proximal nail fold

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20
Q

What are some important functions of nails?

A
  • safeguard underlying tissue
  • better gripping
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21
Q

What are the two basic types of glands?

A
  • sweat
  • sebaceous
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22
Q

What is an alternate term for sweat gland?

A

Sudoriferous

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23
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

Released by glands via exocytosis

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24
Q

What is the most prevalent type of sweat gland? Describe the structure, secretion, and function of this type of gland.

A
  • simple, coiled, tubular glands in the dermis
  • exits through a tiny sweat pore in epidermis
  • thermoregulation
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25
Q

Where are apocrine glands located? When does this gland become active? Why does it lead to body odor?

A
  • armpits, anal, areolae
  • influenced by sex hormones
  • metabolized by bacteria, creating odor
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26
Q

Where are ceremonious glands located? What do they produce? What is the function?

A
  • ear
  • cerumen
  • lubrifayes tympanic membrane, traps incoming particles
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27
Q

Where are mammary glands located? What do they produce? What is the function?

A
  • milk
  • nourish infants
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28
Q

Where do sebaceous glands typically release their product? What do they produce? What is the function?

A
  • hair follicles
  • sebum
  • keep skin moist, kills certain bacteria/deter growth
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29
Q

What type of secretion is used by sebaceous glands?

A

Holocrine

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30
Q

What is another name for bone tissue?

A

Ossetian

Osseous Tissue

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31
Q

Is each bone in your body an organ?

A

Yes

32
Q

Important Functions of Bones

A
  • protection
  • mineral storage and acid base homeostasis
  • blood cell formation
  • fat storage
  • movement
  • support
33
Q

What are five general bone shapes?

A

Long Bones (humerus)
Short Bones (carpals)
Flat Bones (most runs of skull, ribs)
Irregular Bones (vertebrae)
Sesamoid Bones (patella, kneecap)

34
Q

Do all bones have a diaphysis? Epiphysis? Medullary cavity?

A

Only long bones

35
Q

What is diploe?

A

Spongy bone tissue of flat bones

36
Q

Name two sources of blood to bone

A

Nutrient Artery: long bones
Epiphyses

37
Q

What is a nutrient foramen?

A

What nutrient arteries enter the bone

38
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

Consists of a network of reticular fibers, supporting islands of blood forming hematopoietic cells

39
Q

What is yellow bone marrows?

A

Stores triglycerides, contains mostly of blood vessels and adipocytes

40
Q

In adults, where is yellow and red bone marrow found?

A

Yellow: essentially everywhere
Red: pelvis, proximal femur and humerus, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, scapulae

41
Q

How is osseous tissue similar to other connective tissues?

A

Mainly of extracellular matrix with cells scattered throughout

42
Q

What happens to a bone if the organic component of the matrix is deficient?

A

Bone becomes flexible and unable to resist compression

43
Q

What cells give rise to osteoblasts?

A

Osteogenic Cells

44
Q

What is the primary function of osteocytes? Where are they located?

A

Secrete chemicals that are required for maintaining the ECM

45
Q

What is the primary function of osteoclasts?

A

Bone resorption; they break down the bone ECM

46
Q

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon

47
Q

What are the layers that compose compact bone?

A

Lamellar

48
Q

What is the center of each osteon?

A
  • central canal/Haversian canal
  • blood vessels and nerves
49
Q

What are the small cavities found in compact bone? What cells reside in them?

A
  • lacunae
  • osteocytes and lacunae
50
Q

What small channels connect the lacunae?

A

Canaliculi

51
Q

What is a perforating canal?

A

Central canal of neighboring osteons are connected by a second type of canal

52
Q

What are some important functions of spongy bone?

A

forms a protective framework for the bone marrow

53
Q

What are the branching structure found in spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae

54
Q

What are some structures found in compact bone that are not found in spongy bone?

A

No central or perforating canals

55
Q

Name two bones for bone formation.

A

Ossification, Osteogenesis

56
Q

What are the two types of classification?

A

Intramembranous
Endochondral

57
Q

What is the term for the immature bone that forms first? Describe its structure

A
  • primary bone/woven bone
  • irregularly arranged collagen, bundles, abundant osteocytes, and little inorganic matrix
58
Q

What is the term for the mature bone that replaces immature bone? Describe its structure.

A
  • secondary bone (lamellar bone)
  • fully formed lamellae with regularly arranged collagen bundles that are parallel to one another
59
Q

Which bones form via intramembranous ossificiation?

A

Primary bone

60
Q

Where does this type of bone formation take place?

A

Mesenchymal membrane

61
Q

Which bones form via endochondral ossifications?

A

All bones below the head (except the clavicle)

62
Q

Where does this type of bone formation occur?

A

Hyaline cartilage

63
Q

What is the epiphyseal line? What does the presence of the epiphyseal line indicate?

A
  • a calcified remnant of the epiphyseal plate
  • the long bone can no longer grow in length
64
Q

What is the term for growth in width?

A

Appositional Growth

65
Q

Where does this primarily take place? How does this impact the lamellae?

A
  • between the periosteum and the bone surface
  • new lamellae are formed
66
Q

What process occurs at the same time in the medullary cavity?

A

Osteoclasts digest the inner circumferential lamellae

67
Q

What is bone remodeling? What two process does it involve?

A

Continual process of bone growth and bone less that takes place within healthy bone
- bone desposition
- bone resorption

68
Q

When does bone remodeling occur?

A

Continously

69
Q

What cells lead to bone deposition and bone resorption?

A

Bone disposition: osteoblasts
Bone resorption: osteoclasts

70
Q

When does bone deposition outpace bone resorption? When are the two roughly equal?

A
  • childhood
  • in young adults
71
Q

What will lead to increased bone deposition?

A

Stress, tension, pressure

72
Q

Why do braces allow an orthodontist to straighten a person’s teeth?

A

When continuous pressure is placed, osteoclasts are stimulated and bone resorption occurs

73
Q

What is the impact of testosterone on bones? Estrogen?

A

T: promotes bone deposition
E: depresses osteoclast activity

74
Q

What is the primary effect of vitamin D in the body?

A

Bones

75
Q

What homeostatic mechanisms occur if the blood calcium ion level decreases below the normal range?

A

Bone deposition won’t take place

76
Q

What homeostatic mechanisms occur if the calcium ion level is too high?

A

Thyroid releases calcitonin, decreases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys

Anatomy (4 decks)

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