Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > RAT 7 > Flashcards

RAT 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functions of connective tissues (CT).

A
  • connective and binding
  • support
  • protection
  • transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does all CT have in common?

A

Their ECM playing an extensive role in their functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is CT proper located?

A

All over body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the cells found in CT proper.

A

Resident cells
Migrant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells that store lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mast Cells

A

Immune system cells involved in inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phagocytes

A

Immune system cells that ingest foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Produce protein fibers and ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phagocytes

A

Macrophages are an example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is another term for loose CT?

A

Aerolar connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the primary component of loose CT?

A

Ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is loose CT found?

A

Beneath the epithelium, around blood vessels, and in serous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the primary function of loose CT?

A

Functions in support and contains many blood vessels, whose nutrients and oxygen diffuse up to the superficial epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary component of dense CT?

A

Protein Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 types of dense CT?

A

Dense irregular
Dense regular collagenous
Dense regular elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the primary component in dense irregular CT? How is it arranged? Why?

A
  • collagen fiber
  • haphazardly
  • makes it strong and resist tension in all 3 planes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is dense irregular CT found?

A

Dermis of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the primary component of dense regular CT? How is it arranged? Why?

A
  • thick collagen fibers
  • single direction
  • resist tension in only 1 plane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is dense regular CT found?

A

Tendons and Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is another term for dense regular elastic CT?

A

Elastic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the primary component in elastic tissue?

A

Parallel elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is elastic tissue found?

A

In the lining of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments (spine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the structure of reticular tissue

A

Interweaved to form fine networks that support small structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is reticular tissue found?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is another term for adipose tissue?

A

Fat tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some important functions of adipose tissue?

A

Insulation, warmth, shock absorption, protection, energy reserve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is adipose tissue located?

A

Abdomen, breast, hips, buttocks, thighs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe some key properties of cartilage

A
  • absorbs shock
  • resistant to tension
  • compression
  • shearing forces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which cell produces most of the ECM in cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do those chondroblasts become as they mature? Where are they located?

A

Chondrocytes
Located in small cavities in the ECM (lacunae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the blood supply to cartilage

A

Avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the three classes of cartilage? Which is most abundant?

A

Hyaline (must abundant)
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

A

Ends of bones where they form joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What dominates the ECM of fibrocartilage?

A

Ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located?

A

Fibrous joints
Intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does elastic cartilage differ from other types?

A

Dominantly elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located?

A

External ear
Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is another term for bone tissues?

A

Osseous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which cell builds bone? What does this cell become as it matures? Where is the mature cell located?

A

Osteoblasts
Become osteocytes
Lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which cell breaks down bones?

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Compared to other CT, what is unique about blood?

A

ECM is fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the name of the ECM in blood?

A

Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells in blood?

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a platelet? What is its function?

A

Blood contains cellular fragments
Play a role in the blood clotting process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is unique about muscle tissue?

A

Specialized for contraction

46
Q

Where is nervous tissue located?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

47
Q

What are the two main types of cells in nervous tissues?

A

Neurons
Neuroglial cells

48
Q

What is the main function of neurons?

A

Send and receive messages

49
Q

What is the main function of neuroglial cells?

A

Performs various supportive functions

50
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

Skin

51
Q

What is another term for the skin?

A

Cutaneous membrane

52
Q

What are the two main components of skin?

A

Superficial epidermis (rests on top of basement membrane)
Deep dermis

53
Q

List some accessory structures of the skin

A

Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

54
Q

What tissue composes the epidermis?

A

Subcutaneous

55
Q

Why are the cells in the outer layer of the epidermis all dead?

A

Too far away from the blood supply

56
Q

What layer is found deep to the dermis? Is this layer part of the skin?

A

Hypodermis
No

57
Q

What are some alternate terms for hypodermis? What tissue compose the hypodermis?

A

Superficial fascia; subcutaneous tissue
Loose connective tissue

58
Q

Why is this layer of importance clinically?

A

Good place to administer medicines

59
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Protection, sensation, thermoregulation

60
Q

Give some specific examples of how the skin helps to protect the body

A

Mechanical trauma
Pathogens
Environment

61
Q

What is the acid mantle?

A

Slightly acidic pH of skin

62
Q

How does the skin create a waterproof layer? Why is this important?

A

Create non polar covalent bonds
Keeps water from both entering and leaving the body

63
Q

What is sensation critical to homeostasis?

A

Allows us to detect potentially harmful stimuli

64
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Regulation of body temperature

65
Q

Why is vitamin D important in the body?

A

Aids in the absorption of calcium

66
Q

Where is the epidermis located?

A

Top layer of skin

67
Q

What tissue composes the epidermis? What is the most common cell in the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinocytes

68
Q

What do keratinocytes produce? What is the role of this substance?

A

Manufacture keratin
Makes a tissue tougher and more resistant to mechanical stress

69
Q

What type of cell junction joins keratinocytes together?

A

Desmosomes

70
Q

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis? How thick is this layer? What is the shape of the cells in this layer?

A
  • stratum basale (basal layer)
  • single layer of stem cells
  • slightly cuboidal/columnar
71
Q

The good blood supply to this layer allow for what process to occur?

A

Allow these keratinocytes to be mitotically active

72
Q

UV radiation allows for the production of what substance in this layer?

A

Precursor of vitamin D

73
Q

What layer is immediately superficial to the stratum basale? What is the primary cell in this layer? How did this layer get its name?

A
  • stratum spinous
  • cytoskeleton filaments
  • cells appear spiky
74
Q

What is the next layer of the epidermis? Describe its appearance.

A

Stratum lucidum
Clear layer

75
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? What happens to the most superficial cells?

A
  • stratum corneum
  • lose their desmosomes, exfoliated mechanically
76
Q

Which type of medications cross the epidermis most easily? Why?

A
  • topical
  • minimal risk of systemic absorption
77
Q

Where is thick skin located in the body? What is lacking in thick skin? Which layer is particularly thicker in thick skin?

A
  • palms of our hands, palmar surfaces of the fingers, the sores of the feet
  • hair follicles
  • stratum corneum
78
Q

Where is thin skin located? How many epidermal layers are found in thin skin? Which layer is not found in thin skin?

A
  • located everywhere on the body
  • 4 epidermal stratified
  • stratum lucidum
79
Q

What are the two projections on the proximal end of the humerus?

A

Head
Anatomical neck

80
Q

What is the name for the groove between these two projections?

A

Anatomical neck

81
Q

Anatomical neck

A

Humerus

82
Q

Surgical neck

A

Junction between the proximal epiphysis and the diaphysis region

83
Q

With what structure does the head of the humerus articulate?

A

Glenoid fossa of the scapula

84
Q

What are the names of the two ends of the distal epiphysis?

A

Medial epicondlye
Lateral epicondyle

85
Q

What is the name of the structure on the distal end of the humerus with a rounded shape like a head?

A

Lateral capitulum

86
Q

What are some steps you can take to help you interpret a micrograph?

A
  1. Identify the cells and the ECM
  2. Notice how the cells are shaped and arranged
  3. Notice how the ECMA is arranged
  4. Determine the class of tissue
87
Q

Describe the blood supply of the epidermis.

A

Epidermis does not contain blood vessels

88
Q

What type of cell junction joins keratinocytes together? What is the benefit of this?

A
  • numerous desmosomes
  • allows them to be shed or exfoliated mechanically
89
Q

What layer is immediately superficial to the stratum basale? What is the primary cell in this layer? How did this layer get its name?

A

Stratum Spinosum
Prickle cell layer: named for the fact that it’s cells appear spiky due to bundles of cytoskeletal filaments in the periphery of the cells that attach to desmosomes

90
Q

What 2 processes that occur in the stratum basale also occur in the stratum spinosum?

A
  • part of the stratum germinativum
  • also produce vitamin D
91
Q

How did the middle layer of the epidermis get its name?

A

Stratum Granulosum
Granular layer: prominent cytoplasmic granules in its cells

92
Q

What is the function of the substance released in the stratum granulosum? Why is this important?

A

Lipid based substance
Acts as a water barriers and prevents the passage of hydrophilic molecules into or out of the skin

93
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells

A

Phagocytes of the immune system that protect the skin and deeper tissues from pathogens

94
Q

Meeker Cells

A

Function to detect light touch and differentiate shapes and textures

95
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin

96
Q

Where is thin skin located? How many epidermal layers are found in thin skin? Which layer is not found in thin skin?

A

Most of the body
4 layers of epidermal strata
Lacks the stratum lucidum

97
Q

What is the name of the structure on the distal end of the humerus that is shaped like a spool of threads. Which bone articulates here?

A

Lateral radial fossa and Medial coronoid fossa
Trochlea

98
Q

Where is the head of the radius located?

A

Proximal epiphysis

99
Q

Where is the radial neck located? Where is the radial tuberosity located?

A

Radial neck: distal of the radial head
Radial tuberosity: medial side of the bone and is attachment of the biceps brachii muscle

100
Q

What is the name of the distal radial structure where it articulates with the ulna?

A

Ulnar notch

101
Q

What is the name of the projection located at the lateral tip of the radius?

A

Radial styloid process

102
Q

Where is the trochlear notch located? What structure articulates here?

A

Where the trochlea of the humerus fits
Olecranon

103
Q

What is the name of the anterior lip of the trochlear notch?

A

Coronoid process

104
Q

What is the name of the knob on the posterior side of the elbow?

A

Olecranon

105
Q

What is the name of the ulnar structure where the ulna articulates with the radius proximally?

A

Humerus

106
Q

Where is the head of the ulna located? Is this a typical location for the head of a long bone?

A

Narrow distal epiphysis
No

107
Q

What is the name of the distal medial projection of the ulna?

A

Styloid process

108
Q

What is the name for the bones of the wrist?

A

Carpals

109
Q

What is the name for the bones in the hand? How are these bones numbered?

A

Metacarpals
Numbered I-V from lateral to medial

110
Q

What is the name for the bones in the fingers? What is the singular form for this term?

A

Phalanges
Phalanx

111
Q

What are three descriptors needed to specify a certain phalanx?

A

Proximal
Middle
Distal

Anatomy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions