RAT 7 Flashcards
Describe the functions of connective tissues (CT).
- connective and binding
- support
- protection
- transport
What does all CT have in common?
Their ECM playing an extensive role in their functions
Where is CT proper located?
All over body
List the cells found in CT proper.
Resident cells
Migrant cells
Adipocytes
Fat cells that store lipids
Mast Cells
Immune system cells involved in inflammation
Phagocytes
Immune system cells that ingest foreign substances
Fibroblasts
Produce protein fibers and ground substance
Phagocytes
Macrophages are an example
What is another term for loose CT?
Aerolar connective tissue
What is the primary component of loose CT?
Ground substance
Where is loose CT found?
Beneath the epithelium, around blood vessels, and in serous membranes
What is the primary function of loose CT?
Functions in support and contains many blood vessels, whose nutrients and oxygen diffuse up to the superficial epithelial cells
What is the primary component of dense CT?
Protein Fibers
What are the 3 types of dense CT?
Dense irregular
Dense regular collagenous
Dense regular elastic
What is the primary component in dense irregular CT? How is it arranged? Why?
- collagen fiber
- haphazardly
- makes it strong and resist tension in all 3 planes
Where is dense irregular CT found?
Dermis of skin
What is the primary component of dense regular CT? How is it arranged? Why?
- thick collagen fibers
- single direction
- resist tension in only 1 plane
Where is dense regular CT found?
Tendons and Ligaments
What is another term for dense regular elastic CT?
Elastic tissue
What is the primary component in elastic tissue?
Parallel elastic fibers
Where is elastic tissue found?
In the lining of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments (spine)
Describe the structure of reticular tissue
Interweaved to form fine networks that support small structures
Where is reticular tissue found?
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
What is another term for adipose tissue?
Fat tissue
What are some important functions of adipose tissue?
Insulation, warmth, shock absorption, protection, energy reserve
Where is adipose tissue located?
Abdomen, breast, hips, buttocks, thighs
Describe some key properties of cartilage
- absorbs shock
- resistant to tension
- compression
- shearing forces
Which cell produces most of the ECM in cartilage?
Chondroblasts
What do those chondroblasts become as they mature? Where are they located?
Chondrocytes
Located in small cavities in the ECM (lacunae)
Describe the blood supply to cartilage
Avascular
What are the three classes of cartilage? Which is most abundant?
Hyaline (must abundant)
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
Ends of bones where they form joints
What dominates the ECM of fibrocartilage?
Ground substance
Where is fibrocartilage located?
Fibrous joints
Intervertebral discs
How does elastic cartilage differ from other types?
Dominantly elastic fibers
Where is elastic cartilage located?
External ear
Epiglottis
What is another term for bone tissues?
Osseous tissue
Which cell builds bone? What does this cell become as it matures? Where is the mature cell located?
Osteoblasts
Become osteocytes
Lacunae
Which cell breaks down bones?
Osteoclasts
Compared to other CT, what is unique about blood?
ECM is fluid
What is the name of the ECM in blood?
Plasma
What are the 2 main types of cells in blood?
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
What is a platelet? What is its function?
Blood contains cellular fragments
Play a role in the blood clotting process
What is unique about muscle tissue?
Specialized for contraction
Where is nervous tissue located?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
What are the two main types of cells in nervous tissues?
Neurons
Neuroglial cells
What is the main function of neurons?
Send and receive messages
What is the main function of neuroglial cells?
Performs various supportive functions
What is the largest organ in the body?
Skin
What is another term for the skin?
Cutaneous membrane
What are the two main components of skin?
Superficial epidermis (rests on top of basement membrane)
Deep dermis
List some accessory structures of the skin
Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
What tissue composes the epidermis?
Subcutaneous
Why are the cells in the outer layer of the epidermis all dead?
Too far away from the blood supply
What layer is found deep to the dermis? Is this layer part of the skin?
Hypodermis
No
What are some alternate terms for hypodermis? What tissue compose the hypodermis?
Superficial fascia; subcutaneous tissue
Loose connective tissue
Why is this layer of importance clinically?
Good place to administer medicines
Functions of the skin
Protection, sensation, thermoregulation
Give some specific examples of how the skin helps to protect the body
Mechanical trauma
Pathogens
Environment
What is the acid mantle?
Slightly acidic pH of skin
How does the skin create a waterproof layer? Why is this important?
Create non polar covalent bonds
Keeps water from both entering and leaving the body
What is sensation critical to homeostasis?
Allows us to detect potentially harmful stimuli
What is thermoregulation?
Regulation of body temperature
Why is vitamin D important in the body?
Aids in the absorption of calcium
Where is the epidermis located?
Top layer of skin
What tissue composes the epidermis? What is the most common cell in the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinocytes
What do keratinocytes produce? What is the role of this substance?
Manufacture keratin
Makes a tissue tougher and more resistant to mechanical stress
What type of cell junction joins keratinocytes together?
Desmosomes
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis? How thick is this layer? What is the shape of the cells in this layer?
- stratum basale (basal layer)
- single layer of stem cells
- slightly cuboidal/columnar
The good blood supply to this layer allow for what process to occur?
Allow these keratinocytes to be mitotically active
UV radiation allows for the production of what substance in this layer?
Precursor of vitamin D
What layer is immediately superficial to the stratum basale? What is the primary cell in this layer? How did this layer get its name?
- stratum spinous
- cytoskeleton filaments
- cells appear spiky
What is the next layer of the epidermis? Describe its appearance.
Stratum lucidum
Clear layer
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? What happens to the most superficial cells?
- stratum corneum
- lose their desmosomes, exfoliated mechanically
Which type of medications cross the epidermis most easily? Why?
- topical
- minimal risk of systemic absorption
Where is thick skin located in the body? What is lacking in thick skin? Which layer is particularly thicker in thick skin?
- palms of our hands, palmar surfaces of the fingers, the sores of the feet
- hair follicles
- stratum corneum
Where is thin skin located? How many epidermal layers are found in thin skin? Which layer is not found in thin skin?
- located everywhere on the body
- 4 epidermal stratified
- stratum lucidum
What are the two projections on the proximal end of the humerus?
Head
Anatomical neck
What is the name for the groove between these two projections?
Anatomical neck
Anatomical neck
Humerus
Surgical neck
Junction between the proximal epiphysis and the diaphysis region
With what structure does the head of the humerus articulate?
Glenoid fossa of the scapula
What are the names of the two ends of the distal epiphysis?
Medial epicondlye
Lateral epicondyle
What is the name of the structure on the distal end of the humerus with a rounded shape like a head?
Lateral capitulum
What are some steps you can take to help you interpret a micrograph?
- Identify the cells and the ECM
- Notice how the cells are shaped and arranged
- Notice how the ECMA is arranged
- Determine the class of tissue
Describe the blood supply of the epidermis.
Epidermis does not contain blood vessels
What type of cell junction joins keratinocytes together? What is the benefit of this?
- numerous desmosomes
- allows them to be shed or exfoliated mechanically
What layer is immediately superficial to the stratum basale? What is the primary cell in this layer? How did this layer get its name?
Stratum Spinosum
Prickle cell layer: named for the fact that it’s cells appear spiky due to bundles of cytoskeletal filaments in the periphery of the cells that attach to desmosomes
What 2 processes that occur in the stratum basale also occur in the stratum spinosum?
- part of the stratum germinativum
- also produce vitamin D
How did the middle layer of the epidermis get its name?
Stratum Granulosum
Granular layer: prominent cytoplasmic granules in its cells
What is the function of the substance released in the stratum granulosum? Why is this important?
Lipid based substance
Acts as a water barriers and prevents the passage of hydrophilic molecules into or out of the skin
Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells
Phagocytes of the immune system that protect the skin and deeper tissues from pathogens
Meeker Cells
Function to detect light touch and differentiate shapes and textures
Melanocytes
Produce melanin
Where is thin skin located? How many epidermal layers are found in thin skin? Which layer is not found in thin skin?
Most of the body
4 layers of epidermal strata
Lacks the stratum lucidum
What is the name of the structure on the distal end of the humerus that is shaped like a spool of threads. Which bone articulates here?
Lateral radial fossa and Medial coronoid fossa
Trochlea
Where is the head of the radius located?
Proximal epiphysis
Where is the radial neck located? Where is the radial tuberosity located?
Radial neck: distal of the radial head
Radial tuberosity: medial side of the bone and is attachment of the biceps brachii muscle
What is the name of the distal radial structure where it articulates with the ulna?
Ulnar notch
What is the name of the projection located at the lateral tip of the radius?
Radial styloid process
Where is the trochlear notch located? What structure articulates here?
Where the trochlea of the humerus fits
Olecranon
What is the name of the anterior lip of the trochlear notch?
Coronoid process
What is the name of the knob on the posterior side of the elbow?
Olecranon
What is the name of the ulnar structure where the ulna articulates with the radius proximally?
Humerus
Where is the head of the ulna located? Is this a typical location for the head of a long bone?
Narrow distal epiphysis
No
What is the name of the distal medial projection of the ulna?
Styloid process
What is the name for the bones of the wrist?
Carpals
What is the name for the bones in the hand? How are these bones numbered?
Metacarpals
Numbered I-V from lateral to medial
What is the name for the bones in the fingers? What is the singular form for this term?
Phalanges
Phalanx
What are three descriptors needed to specify a certain phalanx?
Proximal
Middle
Distal
