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Anatomy > RAT 10 > Flashcards

RAT 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe some important functions of joints.

A
  • joints enable movement
  • joints provide stability
  • joints allow long bones to lengthen
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2
Q

Functional Classification

A

according to the amount of motion they allow

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3
Q

Structural Classification

A

according to their anatomical features

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4
Q

Synarthrosis

A

doesn’t allow movement; greatest stability

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5
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

only a small amount of movement; less stability than synarthrosis

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6
Q

Diarthrosis

A

freely moveable; least amount of stability

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7
Q

What are the 3 structural classification of joints?

A

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

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8
Q

What do all fibrous joints have in common?

A

dense regular collagenous connective tissue

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9
Q

What are the structural and functional properties of a suture? Where are sutures located?

A
  • very stable synarthrosis
  • skull bones
  • held together by very short collagen fibers that are part of dense regular collagenous connective tissue
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10
Q

What are the structural and functional properties of gomphoses?

A
  • synarthrosis
  • function: provide function and hold the tooth in place
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11
Q

Where are gomphoses located?

A

Between a tooth and its corresponding alveolus in the mandible/maxilla

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12
Q

Single form of Gomphoses

A

gomphosis

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13
Q

What is the name for the ligament in gomphoses?

A

Periodontal ligament

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14
Q

What are the structural and functional properties of symdesmoses?

A

Fibrous, Amphiarthroses

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15
Q

Where are syndesmoses located?

A

Between radius and ulna / between fibula and tibia

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16
Q

What do all cartilaginous joints have in common?

A

All held together by cartilage

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17
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses
Symphyses

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18
Q

What type of tissue joins bones in a synchondrosis?

A

Hyaline

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19
Q

How is synchondrosis classified functionally?

A

Synarthroses

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20
Q

List three examples of synchondrosis

A

Epiphyseal plate
Intervertebral joint
Pubic symphysis

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21
Q

What type of tissue join bones in a symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilage pad

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22
Q

List two examples of a symphysis

A

Intervertebral joint
Pubic symphysis

23
Q

Gliding Movement

A

When 2 bones slide on one another’s surfaces

24
Q

Describe the lateral flexion of the following: head and trunk

A

moving something to the side

25
Q

Abduction

A

The motion of a limb of appendage away from the midline of the body
Ex. Raising your arms to the side

26
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
Ex. If you have your arms out out, bringing them back to your body

27
Q

Circumduction

A

Where the limb moves in a circle
Ball and socket joint
Ex. Hip and shoulder

28
Q

Internal (medial) Rotation

A

Rotational movement toward the median plane

29
Q

External (lateral) Rotation

A

Rotation away from the center of the body

30
Q

What joint movement is associated with the opposable thumb?

A

Saddle joint

31
Q

What is reposition?

A

Restoration of an organ or tissue to its correct or original position

32
Q

Elevation and Depression

A
  • movements of the mandible or scapulae within the frontal plane
  • moving lower jaw in a downward direction = depression
  • moving mandible upward = elevation
33
Q

Protraction

A

Scapulae move forward and to the side (anterolateral)

34
Q

Retraction

A

Scapulae move back and toward the middle (posteromedial)

35
Q

Supination and Pronation

A

When your palm or forearm faces up, it’s supinated.
When your palm or forearm faces down, it’s pronated

36
Q

What type of tissues compose skeletal muscles?

A

Skeletal
Connective
Nervous

37
Q

What is another term for a skeletal muscle cell?

A

Skeletal Muscle Fibers

38
Q

Name the connective tissue that surrounds a muscle cell.

A

Muscle: endomysium
Fascicle: perimysium
Entire Muscle: epimysium

39
Q

What composes a motor unit?

A

A single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls

40
Q

How do skeletal muscles work?

A

Contract in order to generate force

41
Q

What are muscle knots?

A

Hyperirritable spots in muscle or fascial tissue (bands or sheets of connective tissue) known as myofascial trigger points

42
Q

What causes muscle knots?

A

Repetitive motion

43
Q

What provides most of the force for a given movement? What is an alternate name for this term?

A

Agonist; prime mover

44
Q

Antagonist

A

Usually lies on the opposite side of a joint from its agonist partner and tends to oppose and slow the actions

45
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles that work together with the agonist; help guide the movement and ensure it is smooth

46
Q

Fixator

A

Muscles that hold a bone in place, an anchoring function that makes movement more efficient and reduces the risk of injury

47
Q

Why are multiple muscles needed to create a smooth, coordinated movement?

A

A skeletal’s muscles action depends on the bones or parts to which it is attached and the joints that it crosses

48
Q

Origin

A

The less moveable attachment point of a muscle on a bone

49
Q

Insertion

A

The end of a muscle attached to the structure that will be moved when the muscle contracts

50
Q

Force (lever system)

A

Tension generated by muscle contractions

51
Q

Fulcrum (hinge point)

A

Joint at which the movement occurs

52
Q

Load

A

Object you are trying to move

53
Q

When does a lever work at a mechanical advantage?

A

A relatively small force can move a large load
Fulcrum must be located closer to the load being moved and farther away from the force that is moving the load

54
Q

When does a lever work at a mechanical disadvantage?

A

The fulcrum is located farther from the load being moved and closer to the force moving the load
More force has to be applied in order to move the load

Anatomy (4 decks)

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