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Anatomy > RAT 6 > Flashcards

RAT 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial

A

Cover and line all body surfaces; form glands

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3
Q

Connective

A

Kind of cellular velcro; connects all tissues together; bind, support, protect, and allow the transport of substances through the body

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4
Q

Muscle

A

Composed of cells that can contract and generate force

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5
Q

Nervous

A

Has ECM cells that can generate, send, and receive messages

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6
Q

What is extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

Composed of the substances surrounding the cells in a tissue

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7
Q

What are the 2 main components in ECM?

A

Ground Substance, Protein Fibers

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8
Q

Important Functions of ECM

A
  • holding cells in their proper positions
  • regulating the development, mitotic activity, and survival of cells
  • directing cells to their proper places within a tissue
  • providing the tissue with the strength to resist tensile (stretching) and compressive forces
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9
Q

What are the 3 types of proteins found in ECM?

A
  • collagen fibers
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibers
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10
Q

What is high tensile strength? Which protein exhibits this?

A
  • maximum stress something can withstand without breaking while being pulled or stretched
  • collagen fibers
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11
Q

Distensibilility

A

Stretched to one and a half times their resting length without breaking

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12
Q

Elasticity

A

When stretching force is removed, they return to their original length

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13
Q

Which fibers interweave to form a netlike supporting structure?

A

Reticular

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of junctions that unite cells in a tissue?

A
  • Tight Junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap Junctions
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15
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Help to make the spaces between cells impermeable

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16
Q

Desmosomes

A

Increase the resistance of the tissue to mechanical stress

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17
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Allow small substances to move from one cell to another

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18
Q

Where are epithelial tissues found?

A

On every internal and external body surface

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19
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissues?

A

Protection
Immune defenses
Secretion
Transport into other tissues
Sensation

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20
Q

How can you identify the nucleus of a cell?

A

Dark purple

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21
Q

How can you identify ground substances.

A

Generally either looks clear or has just a slight tinge of color

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22
Q

How can you identify proteins?

A

Look like wavy or straight lines

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23
Q

How can you identify red blood cells?

A

Clusters of small, light red, round discs that lack nuclei

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24
Q

Epithelial tissue lacks blood vessels. What is the term for this?

A

Avascular

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25
Q

How does epithelial tissue get oxygen and nutrients and dispose of waste if it lacks blood vessels?

A

Oxygen and nutrients from the blood must diffuse up to the cells in the epithelial tissue from the blood vessels in the tissues that are deep to it (connective tissue)

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26
Q

How does this impact the structure of epithelial tissues?

A

Limits thickness; the stack can rise only so high

27
Q

How much ECM is found in epithelial tissues?

A

None

28
Q

Where is the ECM of epithelial tissue located and what is its function?

A

Located beneath the cells; basement membrane

29
Q

What are the 2 parts of the basement membrane?

A

Basal Lamina
Reticular Lamina

30
Q

Basal Lamina

A

ECM of the epithelial tissue and is synthesized by epithelial cells

31
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

Manufactured by the connective tissue deep to the epithelial tissue and consists of reticular fibers and ground substance

32
Q

How could you identify the basal and social surfaces of epithelial tissues?

A

Basal: edge attached to deeper cells or the basal lamina
Apical: free edge of an epithelial cell or tissue (-top)

33
Q

What 2 criteria are used to classify epithelial tissues?

A
  • number of cell layers
  • shape of the cell in those layers
34
Q

What are the categories based on number of cell layers?

A

Single layer: simple epithelial
More than one cell layer: stratified epithelia

35
Q

What are the 3 basic shapes of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous cells
Cuboidal cells
Columnar cells

36
Q

How does the structure of simple epithelial aid in their functions?

A

Perfect for lining hollow organs and for lining surfaces across which substances must diffuse or be transported

37
Q

Why is pseudostratified columnar epithelium classified as a simple tissue?

A

The nuclei of the cells are at different heights and some of the cells are shorter

38
Q

What are the 2 ways in which substances are transported across simple epithelia?

A

Paracellular Transport
Transcellular Transport

39
Q

Paracellular Transport

A

Substances can leak between the epithelial cells

40
Q

Transcellular Transport

A

Substance enters the cell through its phospholipid belayer
Diffuses through the cytosol
Exits through the other surface of the cell

41
Q

What is a primary function of stratified epithelia?

A

Very effective protective barriers and they are often found in areas subject to a high degree of mechanical stress

42
Q

What are the three types of stratified epithelia?

A

Stratified Squamos Epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium

43
Q

What is a gland? What type of tissue forms glands?

A

Structure that makes and secretes a product
Epithelial tissue

44
Q

Which cells make the product in a gland?

A

Secretory Cells

45
Q

Exocrine

A

Release secretions to apical surface of the epithelium

46
Q

Endocrine

A

Lack ducts and secrete their products, which are usually hormones, directly into the blood

47
Q

What are unicellular glands? What is the most common type of unicellular gland? What is the product of this gland?

A

Single cells to goblet cells to mucous

48
Q

What is a multicellular gland?

A

Made of clusters of secretory cells arranged in different ways

49
Q

What is the primary functions of the pectoral girdle?

A

Support the upper limb (humerus) and are the sites attachment of numerous muscles

50
Q

Which bones compose the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

51
Q

What is the common name for the clavicle?

A

Collarbone

52
Q

What are the names of the two ends of the clavicles? With which structure does each articulate?

A

Sternal end: manubrium
Acromial end: acromion

53
Q

How does this bone appear if you look down at it from above?

A

S-shaped

54
Q

How do most most fractures of this bone occur?

A

Direct trauma of from falling onto an unstretched arm

55
Q

What is the general shape of this bone?

A

Triangular

56
Q

What are the names for the three edges of the triangle?

A

Medial
Lateral
Superior borders

57
Q

What are the names for the three points of the triangle?

A

Superior
Inferior
Lateral

58
Q

The spine of the scapula is a continuation of what structure?

A

Acromion

59
Q

Is the spine located on the anterior of the posterior side of the scapula?

A

Posterior

60
Q

What is the depression located above the spine?

A

Supraspinous fossa

61
Q

What is the small indentation where the humerus articulates?

A

Glenoid fossa

62
Q

What is the structure that protrudes from the anterior side of the scapula and resembles a bent little finger?

A

Coracoid process

63
Q

What is the name of the depression on the anterior side of the scapula?

A

Subscapular fossa

Anatomy (4 decks)

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