Random words to learn (6) Flashcards
noun
attainment
/əˈteɪnmənt/
- something that you achieved
- success in achieving something
thành tựu
- a young woman of impressive educational attainments
- The attainment of his ambitions was still a dream.
- attainment targets (= for example in education)
- Bonus payments encourage the attainment of higher production targets.
- schools with high levels of academic attainment
noun
ideology
/ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi/
- a set of ideas that an economic or political system is based on
- a set of beliefs, especially one held by a particular group, that influences the way people behave
hệ tư tưởng
- Marxist/capitalist ideology
- the ideology of gender roles
- alternative ideologies
verb
pervade
/pəˈveɪd/
to spread through and be easy to notice in every part of something
toả khắp, lan tràn
- a pervading mood of fear
- the sadness that pervades most of her novels
- The entire house was pervaded by a sour smell.
noun
orientation
/ˌɔːriənˈteɪʃn/
- a person’s basic beliefs or feelings about a particular subject
- the type of aims or interests that a person or an organization has; the act of directing your aims towards a particular thing
- training or information that you are given before starting a new job, course, etc.
- the direction in which an object faces
hướng, xu hướng
- religious/political orientation
- orientation to/towards something Companies have been forced into a greater orientation to the market.
- an orientation session/program/course
- The orientation of the planet’s orbit is changing continuously.
adjective
indicative
/ɪnˈdɪkətɪv/
- (formal) showing or suggesting something
- stating a fact
thể hiện rằng, chỉ ra rằng, etc.
Their failure to act is indicative of their lack of interest.
The rise in unemployment is seen as indicative of a new economic recession.
robust
/rəʊˈbʌst/
- strong and healthy
- strong; able to survive being used a lot and not likely to break
- (of a system or an organization) strong and not likely to fail or become weak
- strong and determined; showing that you are sure about what you are doing or saying
mạnh mẽ, khoẻ mạnh/ cứng cáp/ cứng rắn/ chắc chắn, vững vàng
- She was almost 90, but still very robust.
- He seems to be in robust (good) health.
- a robust piece of equipment
- robust economic growth
- The company is taking a more robust approach to management.
noun
extent
/ɪkˈstent/
- how large, important, serious, etc. something is
- the physical size of an area
mức độ/ kích thước
- It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage.
- She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem.
- They have launched an investigation to determine the extent of police misconduct in this case.
- You can’t see the full extent of the beach from here.
- in extent The island is 300 square kilometres in extent.
adjective
affluent
/ˈæfluənt/
(formal)
having a lot of money and a good standard of living
giàu có, mức sống tốt
- affluent Western countries
- a very affluent neighbourhood
adjective
scant
/skænt/
hardly any; not very much and not as much as there should be
rất ít, không đáng kể
- I paid scant attention to what she was saying.
- The firefighters went back into the house with scant regard for their own safety.
- There is scant evidence for this view.
verb
converge
/kənˈvɜːdʒ/
- converge (on…) (of people or vehicles) to move towards a place from different directions and meet
- (of two or more lines, paths, etc.) to move towards each other and meet at a point
- if ideas, policies, aims, etc. converge, they become very similar or the same
gặp nhau, giao nhau/ hội tụ/ cùng quan điểm
- Thousands of supporters converged on London for the rally.
- There was a signpost where the two paths converged.
- The aims of the two developments can and should converge.
Antonym: diverge
verb
diverge
/daɪˈvɜːdʒ/
- to separate and go in different directions
- diverge (from something) (formal) (of opinions, views, etc.) to be different
- diverge from something to be or become different from what is expected, planned, etc.
rẽ theo hướng khác nhau /khác biệt
- The parallel lines appear to diverge.
- We went through school and college together, but then our paths diverged.
- The coastal road diverges from the freeway just north of Santa Monica.
- Opinions diverge greatly on this issue.
- This country’s interests diverge considerably from those of other countries.
- to diverge from the norm
- He diverged from established procedure.
noun
constraint
/kənˈstreɪnt/
- a thing that limits something, or limits your freedom to do something (= restriction)
- strict control over the way that you behave or are allowed to behave
điều ép buộc/ sự ép buộc, sự gò bó
- constraints of time/money/space
- financial/economic/legal/political constraints
- constraint on something This decision will impose serious constraints on all schools.
- At last we could relax and talk without constraint.
verb
constrain
/kənˈstreɪn/
- to force somebody to do something or behave in a particular way
- to limit somebody/something
ép, cưỡng ép/ giới hạn
- be/feel constrained to do something The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it.
- The company said that it was constrained to raise prices.
- be constrained (by something) Research has been constrained by a lack of funds.
- Men and women are becoming less constrained by stereotyped roles.
- constrain something There are a number of factors that constrain agricultural development.
- be/feel constrained from doing something She felt constrained from continuing by the threat of losing her job.
noun
merit
/ˈmerɪt/
- the quality of being good and of deserving praise or reward
- a good feature that deserves praise or reward
- a special mark or award given as a reward for good behaviour at school
công lao, giá trị
- a work of outstanding artistic merit
- without merit The plan is entirely without merit.
- on merit I want to get the job on merit.
- We will consider each case on its (own) merits (= without considering any other issues, feelings, etc.).
- They weighed up the relative merits of the four candidates.
- Other schools already have merit systems in place that reward good behaviour and attitudes.
adverb
initially
/ɪˈnɪʃəli/
at the beginning
- Initially, the system worked well.
- More people had been infected than was initially thought.
- He was initially reluctant to join the project.
- The scientific work will be conducted, at least initially, at our laboratories.
noun
norm
/nɔːm/
- (often the norm) a situation or a pattern of behaviour that is usual or expected
- norms [plural] standards of behaviour that are typical of or accepted within a particular group or society
- a required or agreed standard, amount, etc.
chuẩn mực, tiêu chuẩn, etc.
- The new design is a departure from the norm.
- Older parents seem to be the norm rather than the exception nowadays.
- social/cultural norms
- She considered people to be products of the values and norms of the society they lived in.
- accepted norms of behaviour
- detailed education norms for children of particular ages
- The government claims that background radioactivity is well below international norms.
adjective
latter
/ˈlætə(r)/
- used to refer to the second of two things or people mentioned
- nearer to the end of a period of time than the beginning
- recent
cái sau đó/ cuối cùng/ gần đây
- He chose the latter option.
- The latter point is the most important.
- the latter half of the year
- during the latter stages of the tournament
- In latter years, the population has grown a lot here.
adjective
distinctive
/dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/
having a quality or characteristic that makes something different and easily noticed
nổi bật, toát lên (với cá tính gì đó)
- clothes with a distinctive style
- The male bird has distinctive white markings on its head.
noun
veteran
/ˈvetərən/
- a person who has a lot of experience in a particular area or activity
- a person who has been a soldier, sailor, etc. in a war
người giàu kinh nghiệm, tay to/ cựu chiến binh
- the veteran American actor, Clint Eastwood
- war veterans
- a veteran of the Spanish Civil War
verb
arise
/əˈraɪz/
- (especially of a problem or a difficult situation) to happen; to start to exist (= occur)
- arise (out of/from something) (rather formal) to happen as a result of a particular situation
- to begin to exist or develop
xuất hiện, mọc lên, nảy sinh, phát triển
- An opportunity arose to work in the United States.
- Questions naturally arose as to who was responsible.
- A serious problem can arise if the heart stops pumping effectively.
- Are there any matters arising from the minutes of the last meeting?
- Several new industries arose in the town.
verb
excerpt
/ekˈsɜːpt/
excerpt something (from something) to take a short piece of writing, music, film, etc. from a longer whole
trích đoạn
The document was excerpted from an unidentified FBI file.
adjective
discriminatory
/dɪˈskrɪmɪnətəri/
unfair; treating somebody or one group of people worse than others
bất công, mang tính phân biệt đối xử
- discriminatory practices/rules/measures
- sexually/racially discriminatory laws
verb
exert
/ɪɡˈzɜːt/
- to use power or influence to affect somebody/something
- exert yourself to make a big physical or mental effort
tận dụng (quyền lực, ảnh hưởng)/ cố gắng
- He exerted all his authority to make them accept the plan.
- The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides.
- In order to be successful he would have to exert himself.
adverb
Likewise
/ˈlaɪkwaɪz/
- (formal) the same; in a similar way
- (formal) also
- (informal) used to show that you feel the same towards somebody or about something
như vậy, giống, tương tự, etc./ cũng/ ‘đồng ý’
- He voted for the change and he expected his colleagues to do likewise.
- Her second marriage was likewise unhappy.
- ‘Let me know if you ever need any help.’ ‘Likewise.’
adjective
disengaged
/ˌdɪsɪnˈɡeɪdʒd/
(formal)
not involved with somebody/something or not interested in them/it
không liên quan, không hứng thú
- Her father was emotionally disengaged.
- disengaged from somebody/something The electorate is becoming increasingly disengaged from politics.
verb
construe
/kənˈstruː/
[usually passive] (formal)
to understand the meaning of a word, a sentence or an action in a particular way
be construed: được hiểu rằng, được hiểu là
Synonym: interpret
* be construed He considered how the remark was to be construed.
* be construed as something Her words could hardly be construed as an apology.
phrasal verb
account for
/əˈkaʊnt/
- to be the explanation or cause of something
- to give an explanation of something
- to be a particular amount or part of something
giải thích cho/ giải thích/ chiếm (bao nhiêu phần trăm)
- The poor weather may have accounted for the small crowd.
- Oh well, that accounts for it (= I understand now why it happened).
- How do you account for the show’s success?
- He was unable to account for the error.
- The increase can be fully accounted for.
- The Japanese market accounts for 35 per cent of the company’s revenue.
adjective
prospective
/prəˈspektɪv/
- expected to do something or to become something (= potential)
- expected to happen soon (= forthcoming)
tiềm năng
- a prospective buyer
- I had a phone call from a prospective client today.
- They are worried about prospective changes in the law.
- On learning of a prospective sale, the lawyer should call the client as soon as possible.
verb
encompass
/ɪnˈkʌmpəs/
- to include a large number or range of things
- to surround or cover something completely
chứa, bao gồm/ vây quanh
- The job encompasses a wide range of responsibilities.
- The group encompasses all ages.
- The fog soon encompassed the whole valley.
verb
denote
/dɪˈnəʊt/
denote something/ that…/ what, when, etc…
* to be a sign of something (= indicate)
* to mean something (= represent)
chỉ ra rằng, cho thấy rằng, chứng tỏ/ có nghĩa là
- A very high temperature often denotes a serious illness.
- In this example ‘X’ denotes the time taken and ‘Y’ denotes the distance covered.
- The red triangle denotes danger.
- Here ‘family’ denotes mother, father and children.
- The Hebrew term used here simply denotes a young girl.
noun
premise
premiss
/ˈpremɪs/
a statement or an idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of argument
tiêu đề/ tiền đề
- the basic premise of her argument
- The argument rests on a false premise.
- His reasoning is based on the premise that all people are equally capable of good and evil.
- The premise on which they worked was that there would always be enough natural resources to support them.
noun
attribute
/ˈætrɪbjuːt/
a quality or feature of somebody/something
thuộc tính, đặc tính
- Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.
- The most basic attribute of all animals is consciousness.
noun
attribute
/əˈtrɪbjuːt/
- attribute something to something to say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing
- attribute something to somebody to say or believe that somebody is responsible for doing something, especially for saying, writing or painting something
- to regard a quality or feature as belonging to somebody/something
cho là do, quy cho
- Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.
- The most basic attribute of all animals is consciousness.
- This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare.
- a quote that has often been falsely attributed to George Patton
- attribute something The committee refused to attribute blame without further information.
- attribute something to somebody/something Ancient peoples attributed magical properties to the stones.
noun
disposition
/ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃn/
- (formal) the natural qualities of a person’s character
- disposition to/towards/ to do something (formal) a quality of tending to behave in a particular way
- (formal) the way something is placed or arranged
- a formal act of giving property or money to somebody
tính khí/ khuynh hướng/ sự sắp xếp/ chuyển giao, chuyển nhượng?
- to have a cheerful disposition
- people of a nervous disposition
- to have/show a disposition towards violence
- Do people have a natural disposition to be good?
phrasal verb
dispose of
/dɪˈspəʊz/
to get rid of somebody/something that you do not want or cannot keep
to deal with a problem, question or threat successfully
to defeat or kill somebody
loại bỏ, vứt bỏ/ xử lý, giải quyết (thành công)/ hạ gục, kết liễu
- the difficulties of disposing of nuclear waste
- to dispose of stolen property
- Radioactive waste must be disposed of safely.
- That seems to have disposed of most of their arguments.
- It took her a mere 20 minutes to dispose of her opponent.
noun
temperament
/ˈtemprəmənt/
- a person’s or an animal’s nature as shown in the way they behave or react to situations or people
- the fact of tending to get emotional and excited very easily and behave in an unreasonable way
tính khí/ sự phấn khích (một cách vô lý)
- to have an artistic temperament
- a horse with an excellent temperament
- She’s a dreamer and a romantic by temperament.
- To become a champion, you have to have the right temperament.
- an actor given to displays of temperament
adjective
empirical
/ɪmˈpɪrɪkl/
based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories
theo kinh nghiệm cá nhân
- empirical evidence/knowledge/research
- an empirical study
noun
linkage
/ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ/
- linkage (between A and B) the act of linking things; a link or system of links
- a device that links two or more things
sự kết nối/ vật kết nối
This chapter explores the linkage between economic development and the environment.
noun
tendency
/ˈtendənsi/
- if somebody/something has a particular tendency, they are likely to behave or act in a particular way
- a new custom that is starting to develop (= trend)
xu hướng
- to display artistic tendencies
- tendency to do something I have a tendency to talk too much when I’m nervous.
- This material has a tendency to shrink when washed.
- tendency for somebody/something to do something There is a tendency for this disease to run in families.
- tendency to/towards something She has a strong natural tendency towards caution.
- tendency (for somebody/something) (to do something) There’s a growing tendency for women to marry later.
- tendency to/towards something Industry showed a tendency towards increasingly centralized administration.
noun
dissonance
/ˈdɪsənəns/
- a combination of musical notes that do not sound pleasant together
- (formal) lack of agreement
âm thanh không đúng điệu/ sự bất hoà, bất đồng ý kiến
antonym: consonance
noun
consonance
/ˈkɒnsənəns/
- ** consonance (with something)** (formal) agreement
- a combination of musical notes that sound pleasant together
sự đồng tình, phù hợp/ hoà âm hợp âm whatever it is
antonym: dissonance
noun
initiation
/ɪˌnɪʃiˈeɪʃn/
- the act of somebody becoming a member of a group, often with a special ceremony; the act of introducing somebody to an activity or skill
- (formal) the act of starting something
sự kết nạp, sự tham gia/ sự khởi đầu
- There was an established initiation ceremony for new boys.
- The gym charges an initiation fee of $125.
- initiation into something her initiation into the world of marketing
- It is generally the police who deal with the initiation of criminal proceedings.
verb
initiate
/ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/
- initiate something (formal) to make something begin
- initiate somebody (into something) to explain something to somebody and/or make them experience it for the first time
- initiate somebody (into something) to make somebody a member of a particular group, especially as part of a secret ceremony
bắt đầu (cái gì đó)/ giới thiệu, cho ai đó trải nghiệm/ kết nạp
- to initiate legal proceedings against somebody
- The government has initiated a programme of economic reform.
- Many of them had been initiated into drug use at an early age.
- His uncle initiated him into the pleasures of sailing.
- Hundreds are initiated into the sect each year.
noun
rite
/raɪt/
a ceremony performed by a particular group of people, often for religious purposes
nghi lễ, nghi thức
- funeral rites
- initiation rites (= performed when a new member joins a secret society)
adjective
legitimate
/lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/
for which there is a fair and acceptable reason (= justifiable, valid)
allowed and acceptable according to the law (= legal)
được công nhận, hợp lệ, chính đáng/ hợp pháp
- a legitimate grievance
- It seemed a perfectly legitimate question.
- Politicians are legitimate targets for satire.
- the legitimate government of the country
- Is his business strictly legitimate?
- The legitimate government was reinstated after the uprising.
phrasal verb
derive from
/dɪˈraɪv/
derive from something | be derived from something to come or develop from something
derive something from something (formal) to get/ obtain something from something
phát triển (từ cái gì)/ có, nhận, cảm thấy (cái gì) từ (cái gì)
- The word ‘politics’ is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘city’.
- This income was derived directly from his writing.
- Wealth and position in society derived largely from land ownership.
- He derived great pleasure from painting.
- The new drug is derived from fish oil.
noun
prejudice
/ˈpredʒədɪs/
an unreasonable dislike of or preference for a person, group, custom, etc., especially when it is based on their race, religion, sex, etc.
định kiến
- a victim of racial prejudice
- Their decision was based on ignorance and prejudice.
- prejudice against somebody/something There was often prejudice against people with disabilities.
- prejudice in favour of somebody/something She admitted to a prejudice in favour of British universities.
noun
instability
/ˌɪnstəˈbɪləti/
the quality or state of being likely to change or fail suddenly
a mental condition in which somebody’s behaviour is likely to change suddenly
sự không ổn định, vững vàng (có thể suy sụp bất cứ lúc nào)
- political and economic instability
- mental/emotional instability
- He showed increasing signs of mental instability.
noun
rationale
/ˌræʃəˈnɑːl/
rationale (behind/for/of something) the principles or reasons which explain a particular decision, course of action, belief, etc.
nguyên lý/ lý do
Synonym: reason
What is the rationale behind these new exams?
adjective
inclined
/ɪnˈklaɪnd/
- inclined (to do something) wanting to do something
- tending to do something; likely to do something
- inclined to agree, believe, think, etc. used when you are expressing an opinion but do not want to express it very strongly
- (used with particular adverbs) having a natural ability for something; preferring to do something
muốn làm gì/ có xu hướng, thiên về/ ???/ có năng khiếu
- She was inclined to trust him.
- He writes only when he feels inclined to.
- There’ll be time for a swim if you feel so inclined.
- He’s inclined to be lazy.
- They’ll be more inclined to listen if you don’t shout.
- I’m inclined to agree with you.
- I’m half inclined to believe him.
- musically/academically inclined children
adjective
compelling
/kəmˈpelɪŋ/
- that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting
- so strong that you cannot resist it
- that makes you think it is true
thu hút chú ý/ khó cưỡng/ đáng tin, đáng thuyết phục
- Her latest book makes compelling reading.
- His eyes were strangely compelling.
- a compelling need/desire
- He was a sad man with a compelling need to talk about his unhappiness.
- There is no compelling reason to believe him.
- The new studies provide compelling evidence in support of these concepts.
verb
collide
/kəˈlaɪd/
- if two people, vehicles, etc. collide, they crash into each other; if a person, vehicle, etc. collides with another, or with something that is not moving, they crash into it
- collide (with somebody) (over something) (formal) (of people, their opinions, etc.) to disagree strongly
vạ chạm/ đối đầu, phản đối
The car and the van collided head-on in thick fog.
Two trains collided head-on.
collide with something/somebody The car collided head-on with the van.
As he fell, his head collided with the table.
noun
odour
/ˈəʊdə(r)/
a smell, especially one that is unpleasant
mùi khó chịu
- a foul/musty/pungent, etc. odour
- the stale odour of cigarette smoke
- (figurative) the odour of suspicion
adjective
expressive
showing or able to show your thoughts and feelings
tràn đầy cảm xúc
- She has wonderfully expressive eyes.
- the expressive power of his music
- She has a wonderfully expressive voice.
noun
compromise
/ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/
- an agreement made between two people or groups in which each side gives up some of the things they want so that both sides are happy at the end
- compromise (between A and B) a solution to a problem in which two or more things cannot exist together as they are, in which each thing is reduced or changed slightly so that they can exist together
- the act of reaching a compromise
sự thoả hiệp, hoà giải
- After lengthy talks the two sides finally reached a compromise.
- In any relationship, you have to make compromises.
- a compromise solution/agreement/candidate
- This model represents the best compromise between price and quality.
- It was a fair compromise between the two sides.
- Compromise is an inevitable part of life.
- There is no prospect of compromise in sight.
- There could be no compromise with the nationalists.
adjective
brittle
/ˈbrɪtl/
- hard but easily broken
- a brittle mood or state of mind is one that appears to be happy or strong but is actually nervous and easily damaged
- (of a sound) hard and sharp in an unpleasant way
giòn/ tỏ ra mạnh mẽ nhưng lại yếu ớt/ (âm thanh) sắc, khó chịu
- brittle bones/nails
- The paint was brittle with age.
- She had thin, brittle, permed hair.
- a brittle temperament
- a brittle laugh
- ‘Not at all,’ she said in a brittle voice, avoiding his eye.
noun
egalitarian
/iˌɡælɪˈteəriən/
a person who believes that everyone is equal and should have the same rights and opportunities
bình đẳng
He described himself as ‘an egalitarian’.
