Random Renal Facts

Question 1

What conditions cause a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?

Answer 1

ABCD
Addison's
Bicarb loss 
Chloride 
Drugs

Question 2

For ascites, what diuretic do you use?

Answer 2

Spironolactone

Question 3

What is the most common extra renal complication of polycystic kidneys?

Answer 3

Liver abscesses

Followed by berry aneurysms

Question 4

What is the main treatment of rhabdomyolysis?

Answer 4

Rapid IV fluid treatment

Question 5

What is one of the most common childhood malignancies that causes flank pain, palpable masses, and painless haematuria?

Answer 5

Wilms’ tumour

Question 6

What cancer are you at increased risk of following renal transplantation?

Answer 6

Skin cancers

Question 7

What is the maximum infusion rate of potassium?

Answer 7

Arguably 10mmol/hour

Sometimes up to 20mmol/hour

Question 8

What is the investigation of choice for reflux nephropathy?

Answer 8

Micturating cystography

Question 9

What is the commonest cause of chronic pyelonephritis?

Answer 9

Reflux nephropathy

Question 10

What is a hallmark of renal tuberculosis?

Answer 10

Persistent sterile pyuria

Question 11

What are the complications of polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 11

Mitral valve involvement 
Ovarian cysts
Hepatic cysts
Diverticulosis 
Intracranial aneurysms

Question 12

What does fibromuscular dysplasia present as?

Answer 12

Proliferation of cells in renal arterial walls. Causes arteries to bulge or narrow
String of beads appearance
Commonly in young patients who have AKI after initiation of an ACE inhibitor

Question 13

What drugs must primarily be stopped in AKI?

Answer 13

DAMN

Diuretics
ACEi
Metformin
NSAIDs

Question 14

What dialysis is CI in Crohn’s Disease?

Answer 14

Peritoneal

Question 15

What is the first line dialysis in RRT patients?

Answer 15

Peritoneal

Question 16

What two drugs can cause rhabdomyolysis?

Answer 16

Erythryomycin and simvastatin

Question 17

If urea is proportionally higher than creatinine, what does this indicate?

Answer 17

Dehydration

Question 18

Why is nephrotic syndrome a hypercoagulable state?

Answer 18

Due to loss of antithrombin III from the kidneys

Question 19

What is the best measurement to diagnose diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 19

Early morning A:CR measurement

Question 20

what is the management of hydronephrosis?

Answer 20

acute = nephrostomy tube

chronic = ureteric stent/pyeloplasty

Question 21

give an example of an anti-androgen that is given prior to GnRH analogues

Answer 21

cyproterone acetate

start 3 days before

Question 22

in what type of torsion is your cremasteric reflex preserved?

Answer 22

appendage torsion

Question 23

what is the most common renal stone?

Answer 23

calcium oxalate

Question 24

what are the features of cystine stones?

Answer 24

inherited recessive disorder whereby decreased absorption of cystine occurs from intestine and renal tubule

Question 25

what are the features of uric acid stones?

Answer 25

precipitates when urinary pH is decreased
usually caused by increased tissue breakdown

radiolucent

Question 26

what are the features of calcium phosphate stones?

Answer 26

usually caused by RTA or increased pH or supersaturation of urine
radio-opaque stones

Question 27

what are the features of struvite stones?

Answer 27

staghorn stones
formed by magnesium, ammonia and phosphate
most common cause is proteus mirabilis

Question 28

how does the pH of urine change with food?

Answer 28

post prandially, urine pH decreases, then after, it becomes more alkaline