random pathology

Question 1

glial cells

Answer 1

astrocytes
ooligodendrocytes
epyndymal cells

Question 2

acute neuronal injury (red neuron)

Answer 2

occurs in contexxt of hypoxia/ischaemia
- visible 12-24 hrs after an irreversible insult ro cells
- results in neuronal cell death

pattern
- shrinking + angulation of nuclei
loss of nucleolus
- intensely red cytoplasm

Question 3

axonal reaction to injury/disease

Answer 3

increased protein syntheis -> cell body swelling, enlarged nucleolus
chromatolysis
degeneration of axon + myelin sheath distal to injury

Question 4

ooligodendrocytes

Answer 4

wrap around axons forming myelin sheath
limited reaction to injury

damage can result in reduced condution, axons exposed to injury

Question 5

most important histopathological indicator of CNS injury

Answer 5

gliosis - an astrocytic response

astocyte hyperplasia + hypertrophy

Question 6

ependymal cells

Answer 6

line ventricular system
limitied reaction to injury

infection agents (viruses) produces changes in ependymal cells

Question 7

microglia

Answer 7

function as a macrophage system, phagocytosis

Question 8

microglia response to injury

Answer 8

microglia proliferate
recruited through inflammatory mediators
form aggregates around areas of necrotic + damaged tissues

Question 9

3 different types of oedema

Answer 9

cytotoxic - intoxication, hypothermia

ionic - osmotic, hyponatraemia, lots of water intake

vasogenic - trauma, tumours, infection, hypertensive

Question 10

global hypoxic ischaemic damage + causes

Answer 10

generalised reduction in blood flow/oxygenation
- cardiac arrest
- severe hypotension - trauma with hypovolaemic shock

(focal = vascular obstruction)

Question 11

what are watershed areas?

Answer 11

zone between 2 arterial territories - parieto-occipital

particularly sensitive to global hypoxic ischaemic damage