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neuro > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

nucleus

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2
Q

what is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS called?

A

ganglion

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3
Q

where are spinal nerves found?

A

intervertebral foramina ONLY

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4
Q

myotome

A

the skeletal muscle supplied with motor innervation from a single spinal nerve
- can be deep to the same or different dermatome

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5
Q

what dermatome is the nipple and umbilicus at?

A

nipple = T4

umbilicus = T10

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6
Q

which dermatomes cover the upper limb?

A

C5-T1

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7
Q

which rami are involved in nerve plexuses?

A

anterior rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves

-> anterior ONLY

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8
Q

which spinal nerves are involved in the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

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9
Q

which spinal nerves are involved in the sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4

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10
Q

which levels have lateral spial horns and why?

A

T1-L2 - sympathetic outflow

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11
Q

via what do presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

cranial nerves - III, VII, IX + X

+ sacrall spinal nerves (hindgut, pelvis, perineum)

examples - ciliary ganglion, lacrimal gland, vagus nerve (neck-midgut)

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12
Q

what causes symptoms of horners syndrome

A

compression of cervical parts of sympathetic trunk - impaired sympathetic innervation to head + neck

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13
Q

layers of the sccalp

A

skin
connective tissue - contains rich anastomotic network
aponeurosis
loose connective tissue
pericranium

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14
Q

which artery lies deep to the pterion in the skull?

A

middle meningeal artery

pterion = thinnest part of skull

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15
Q

what are the 4 layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater - tough/fibrous
arachnoid mater - can outpouch into dura venous sinus

subarachnoid space - contains CSF
pia mater - adherent to brain + vesels entering/leaving brain

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16
Q

what is the sensory nerve supply of the dura mater?

A

CN V

  • dura mater enclose the dura venous sinuses
  • no space between skull + dura
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17
Q

roof of pituitary

A

diaphragm sellae

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18
Q

the circle of Willis can be found in what space?

A

subarachnoid space

–> surrounded by CSF, if bleed will see in CSF

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19
Q

what level do u do a lumbar puncture

A

L3/L4

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20
Q

extradural haemorrhage location + causes

A

between bone + dura

ruptured middle meningeal artery -> trauma to pterion

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21
Q

subdural haemorrhage location + causes

A

separates dura from arachnoid

torn cerebral arteries
-> falls in elderly

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22
Q

subarachnoid haemorrhage location + causes

A

into CSF of subarachnoid space

ruptured Circle of Willis (“berry”) anneurysm
-> congenital aneurysm

23
Q

what does compression of the oculomotor nerve by an uncal herniation lead to?

A

an ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil
(a blown pupil)

24
Q

intrinsic muscles of the back

A

maintain back posture, move spine

2 groups -
- erector spinae - superficial
- transversospinalis - deep

25
Q

attachments of erector spinae

A

3 muscle groups
- inferiorly -common tendon attaches to sacrum + iliac crest

  • superiorly - individual fibres attach to either a rib, tranverse or spinous process
26
Q

transversospinalis

A

found within grooves between tranverse + spinous processes

individual muscle fibres attach between:
- vertebra + skull
- vertebra + rib
- 1 vertebra + another
- sacrum + a vertebra

27
Q

which muscles are responsible for flexion + extension of the spine respectively?

A

flexion = psoas major + rectus abdominis

extension = erector spinae (if contracts unilaterally - lateral flexion)

28
Q

where in the spine are there no vertebral discs?

A

C1-C2 + fused sacrum/coccyx

29
Q

layers of intervertebral discs

A

outer fibrous ring = annulus fibrosus

inner SOFT PULP = nucleus pulposus

30
Q

which vertebra has an odontoid process?

A

C2 - axis

31
Q

what level does spinal cord end

A

L1/L2
-> connus medullaris

32
Q

when giving epidural anaesthetic at L3/L4, what layers will the needle pass through? vs spinal anaesthetic

A

supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum
epidural space (fat + veins)

spinal anaesthetic, as above plus -
- dura mater, arachnoid mater, reaches subarachnoid space containing CSF

33
Q

anatomy of caudal anaesthesia

A

local anaesthetic is injected into the sacral hiatus to anaesthetise the sacral spinal nerve roots of the cauda equina

34
Q

which spinal nerve dermatome innervates the badge patch area?

A

C5

35
Q

spinal root levels of femoral nerve

A

L2, L3, L4

36
Q

where is the “nerve point” on the neck and why is it important?

A

just above midpoint of posterior border of SCM

-> sensory nerves of cervical plexus - special care required during biopsy

37
Q

what is the cutaneous supply to the anatomical snuff box?

A

cutaneous branches of radial nerve

38
Q

which spinal levels are important to know for referred pain from the myocardium?

A

T1+T2

39
Q

abduction and adduction of the shoulder joint tests which myotomes?

A

abduction = deltoid, C5

adduction = C7, pec major + lat dorsi

40
Q

flexion + extension of the elbow joint tests which myotomes?

A

flexion = C5, C6, biceps brachii

extension = C7, C8, triceps brachii

41
Q

flexion + extension of the wrist joint tests which myotomes?

A

flexion = C6, C7, carpal flexors

extension = C7, C8, carpal extensors

42
Q

flexion + extension of the finger joints tests which myotomes?

A

flexion = C8, digital flexors

extension = C7, digital extensors

43
Q

abduction + adduction of the fingers test with myotome?

A

T1

44
Q

flexion + extension of the hip joint tests which myotomes?

A

flexion = L2, L3, psoas major

extension = L5, S1, glute max + hamstrings

45
Q

flexion + extension of the knee joint tests which myotomes?

A

flexion = L5, S1, hamstrings

extension = L3, L4, quadriceps

46
Q

dorsiflexion + plantarlfexion of the ankle joint tests which myotomes?

A

dorsiflexion = L4, L5, tibialis anterior

plantar flexion = S1, S2, gastrocnemius/soleus

47
Q

inversion + eversion of the ankle joint tests which myotomes?

A

inversion = L4, tibialis ant + posterior

eversion = L5, S1, fibularis longus + brevis

48
Q

does ascending or descending tracts control the reflex muscle contractions?

A

descending

49
Q

UMN vs LMN lesion affect on tone

A

UMN lesion = spasticity

LMN = flaccidity

50
Q

bicep reflex tests which myotome?

A

C5 (6)

51
Q

tricep reflex tests which myotome?

A

C7

52
Q

knee reflex tests which myotome?

A

L4

53
Q

ankle reflex tests which myotome?

A

S1

54
Q

supinator/brachioradialis reflex tests which myotome?

A

C6

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