Random Mixture POM Flashcards
What does inflammatory states do to hepcidin?
Increase hepcidin which reduces iron supply leading to anaemia of chronic disease
When does requirement for folate increase?
During pregnancy or increased RBC production (with sickle cell anaemia)
Death of erethrocytes?
In spleen ; iron released and sent back to bone marrow while rest of haem is catabolised into bilirubin and excreted as bile
A P20 pipette
MAX volume of 20 micro litres so if wanted 5 micro litres then set to 050 - *10^12 to extrapolate for cells/L
1 millilitre = 1000 micro litres
Hb
Haemoglobin concentration in whole blood
Ht
Volume of RBCs as a ratio of whole blood volume
Purpose of centrifuging
Layer of tightly packed red and white cells at bottom and plasma at the top
Remember to divide by 100
MCV - mean cell volume
Average volume of each red blood cell - measured in Litres
Hct/RBC
Mean cell Haemoglobin
Average mass of Hb in each RBC - measured in grams
Hb/RBC
Mean cell Haemoglobin concentration MCHC
Average concentration of Hb in each RBC - measured in g/L
Hb/Hct
Beer-Lambert law
A = E * c * l
A = absorbable of solution
E = extinction coefficient (this can change if the molecule forms a dimer at high concentration) - M^-1cm^-1
c = concentration of absorbing substance (molar concentration)
l = path length (cm)
Myoglobin
Higher affinity for Haemoglobin saturating at lower pO2 values but lack of cooperatively means it is poor at releasing oxygen under same conditions
What is used when measuring respiratory status of newborn infants
Spectrophotometry
Oxy vs deoxy absorption
Oxy Haemoglobin absorbs more infrared light but less red light than deoxy
Carboxy Haemoglobin
Binding of carbon monoxide to Fe2+ since Haemoglobin has 200* affinity for CO than oxygen it outcompetes
Methaemoglobin
Fe2+ is oxidised to Fe3+ which results in greatly impaired Oxygen binding ; gives a bluish colour at high levels
Electrophoresis
Haemoglobin A (A) ran further towards the positive electrode than sickle Haemoglobin ; thu
S HbA is more negatively charged than HbS
Why is there difference in charge between HbA and HbS
Point mutation in B-chain ; glutamate (hydrophilic and negatively charged ) is replaced by valine (which is now hydrophobic and uncharged)
M
Mixed sample ; heterozygous for the condition and contains both HbA and HbS
Even with relatively low levels of MetHb
Shifts to the left resulting in tissue anoxia as oxygen is not readily released by MetHb
Methemoglobin re-educates reduced MetHb back to Haemoglobin ; so disorder methaemaglobinaemis is deficiency in the enzyme or mutant form of Haemoglobin known as Haemoglobin M
How else can one get methaemaglobinaemia
Exposure to chemicals like anilines due to nitrates/local anaesthetics
If someone has chronic disease
Ferritin would still be high
Ways of bleeding
Hookworm too
If wanting to diagnose thalassaemia
Microcytosis
Raised RBC
Can be determined further using Haemoglobin electrophoresis
pg
10^-12
MCHC
Mass of Haemoglobin in a RBC proportional to the size of the RBC
Haemophilus influenzae
BACTERIAL
What separates different forms of Haemoglobin by molecular weight?
GEL Electrophoresis
Fates of pyruvate
CO2 is not created in lactate production