Random Mixture POM

Question 1

What does inflammatory states do to hepcidin?

Answer 1

Increase hepcidin which reduces iron supply leading to anaemia of chronic disease

Question 2

When does requirement for folate increase?

Answer 2

During pregnancy or increased RBC production (with sickle cell anaemia)

Question 3

Death of erethrocytes?

Answer 3

In spleen ; iron released and sent back to bone marrow while rest of haem is catabolised into bilirubin and excreted as bile

Question 4

A P20 pipette

Answer 4

MAX volume of 20 micro litres so if wanted 5 micro litres then set to 050 - *10^12 to extrapolate for cells/L
1 millilitre = 1000 micro litres

Question 5

Hb

Answer 5

Haemoglobin concentration in whole blood

Question 6

Ht

Answer 6

Volume of RBCs as a ratio of whole blood volume

Question 7

Purpose of centrifuging

Answer 7

Layer of tightly packed red and white cells at bottom and plasma at the top
Remember to divide by 100

Question 8

MCV - mean cell volume

Answer 8

Average volume of each red blood cell - measured in Litres
Hct/RBC

Question 9

Mean cell Haemoglobin

Answer 9

Average mass of Hb in each RBC - measured in grams
Hb/RBC

Question 10

Mean cell Haemoglobin concentration MCHC

Answer 10

Average concentration of Hb in each RBC - measured in g/L
Hb/Hct

Question 11

Beer-Lambert law

Answer 11

A = E * c * l
A = absorbable of solution
E = extinction coefficient (this can change if the molecule forms a dimer at high concentration) - M^-1cm^-1
c = concentration of absorbing substance (molar concentration)
l = path length (cm)

Question 12

Myoglobin

Answer 12

Higher affinity for Haemoglobin saturating at lower pO2 values but lack of cooperatively means it is poor at releasing oxygen under same conditions

Question 13

What is used when measuring respiratory status of newborn infants

Answer 13

Spectrophotometry

Question 14

Oxy vs deoxy absorption

Answer 14

Oxy Haemoglobin absorbs more infrared light but less red light than deoxy

Question 15

Carboxy Haemoglobin

Answer 15

Binding of carbon monoxide to Fe2+ since Haemoglobin has 200* affinity for CO than oxygen it outcompetes

Question 16

Methaemoglobin

Answer 16

Fe2+ is oxidised to Fe3+ which results in greatly impaired Oxygen binding ; gives a bluish colour at high levels

Question 17

Electrophoresis

Answer 17

Haemoglobin A (A) ran further towards the positive electrode than sickle Haemoglobin ; thu
S HbA is more negatively charged than HbS

Question 18

Why is there difference in charge between HbA and HbS

Answer 18

Point mutation in B-chain ; glutamate (hydrophilic and negatively charged ) is replaced by valine (which is now hydrophobic and uncharged)

Question 19

M

Answer 19

Mixed sample ; heterozygous for the condition and contains both HbA and HbS

Question 20

Even with relatively low levels of MetHb

Answer 20

Shifts to the left resulting in tissue anoxia as oxygen is not readily released by MetHb
Methemoglobin re-educates reduced MetHb back to Haemoglobin ; so disorder methaemaglobinaemis is deficiency in the enzyme or mutant form of Haemoglobin known as Haemoglobin M

Question 21

How else can one get methaemaglobinaemia

Answer 21

Exposure to chemicals like anilines due to nitrates/local anaesthetics

Question 22

If someone has chronic disease

Answer 22

Ferritin would still be high

Question 23

Ways of bleeding

Answer 23

Hookworm too

Question 24

If wanting to diagnose thalassaemia

Answer 24

Microcytosis
Raised RBC
Can be determined further using Haemoglobin electrophoresis

Question 25

pg

Answer 25

10^-12

Question 26

MCHC

Answer 26

Mass of Haemoglobin in a RBC proportional to the size of the RBC

Question 27

Haemophilus influenzae

Answer 27

BACTERIAL

Question 28

What separates different forms of Haemoglobin by molecular weight?

Answer 28

GEL Electrophoresis

Question 29

Fates of pyruvate

Answer 29

CO2 is not created in lactate production