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POM > HAEM - WBC > Flashcards

HAEM - WBC Flashcards

1
Q

Origin of blood cells barring the lymphocytes

A

Common myeloid progenitor -> myeloblast -> forms your granulocytes (basophil/neutrophil/eosinophil) and MONOCYTE (this is what goes on to form your macrophage)

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2
Q

What types of cells do myeloblasts give rise to?

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils/basophils/eosinophils) and monocytes

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3
Q

Granulocytes characteristic

A

They have granules present in the cytoplasm that contains agents essential for their microbicidal (something that kills microbes) function

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4
Q

What controls proliferation/survival of myeloid cells?

A

Myeloid growth factors such as G-CSF/M-CSF and GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor)

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5
Q

Eosinophil staining?

A

They are that reddish colour - that all arises from the granules in the cell

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6
Q

Basophils

A

Alkali - stain is very dark blue ; can barely see the nucleus

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7
Q

Neutrophils

A

Neutrally charged ; granules are a neutral colour

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8
Q

What can the colony stimulating factors be used for?

A

As drugs (in chemotherapy to recover the immune system for example)

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9
Q

Staging process ; normal granulocyte maturation

A

Myeloblast to promyelocytes into myelocytes to form a band form and neutrophils
Nucleus is lobulated - connected by fine filaments

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10
Q

Where does cell division occur in maturation?

A

Myeloblasts promyelocytes and myelocytes but NOT in metamyelocytes or band forms

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11
Q

Normaloblasts?

A

Erethrocytes

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12
Q

Neutrophil role?

A

survives 7-10 hours in circulation and the nucleus itself is segmented/lobulated ; main function is to phagocytose and kill micro-organisms

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13
Q

Neutrophil migration

A

Chemotaxis ; neutrophils become marginated in the vessel lumen and adhere to the endothelium migrating into tissues ; phagocytosis of micro-organisms occurs following cytokine priming

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14
Q

Sequence of events in chemotaxis?

A

Adhere + margination
Rolling
Diapedesis
Migration
Phagocytosis

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15
Q

Eosinophil

A

Spend less time in circulation than neutrophils ; main function is to defend against parasites

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16
Q

Why else are eosinophils important?

A

Regulation of Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions ; inactive the histamine and leukotrienes released by basophils/mast cells
INCREASE IN MAST CELLS = INCREASE IN EOSINOPHILS = INCREASE IN BASOPHILS

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17
Q

Basophils

A

Granules contain stores of histamine + heparin and proteolytic enzymes ; basic pH ; dark dark blue/purple

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18
Q

Mast cells vs basophils

A

Mast cells are same as basophils but reside in tissue rather than circulation

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19
Q

Basophil function

A

Modulation of inflammatory responses and mediation of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions

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20
Q

Monocytes

A

Bloodstream equivalent of macrophages ; circulate for time and involved in phagocytosis

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21
Q

When monocytes migrate into tissues?

A

They become macrophages

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22
Q

Macrophages are involved in

A

Storing and releasing iron

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23
Q

How long do monocytes stay in circulation for?

A

Several days in circulation

24
Q

Monocyte functions

A

Phagocytosis of micro-organisms as well as antigen presentation to lymphoid and other immune cells

25
Q

Plasma cells description

A

Got this bluish basophilic circumference ; bluish colour is protein (ribosomes which stain bluish colour) ; because these cells are really busy building antigens

26
Q

Normal lymphocyte appearance?

A

Quite small and a dense nucleus

27
Q

B lymphocytes originate then developed in in?

A

Fetal liver and bone marrow originate
Development is just Ig heavy and light chain gene rearrangement leading to production of surface Igs against MANY DIFFERENT antigens (HUMORAL)

28
Q

Then how are B cells narrowed down?

A

They are exposed to antigens in lymphoid tissue/nodes which results in recognition of non-self antigens by mature B cells and production of specific Igs

29
Q

T lymphocytes formation

A

Progenitors migrate from fetal liver to thymus leading to development of T lymphocytes ; involved in cell-mediated immunity

30
Q

NK cells can

A

kill tumour/virus-infected cells ; they are part of innate immune system

31
Q

How can you identify gender of a patient by looking at a neutrophil?

A

In the nucleus - there is a small protrusion which is an X chromosome that has been pushed out

32
Q

Reactive lymphocytes?

A

Usually associated with viral illnesses; they do not have the regular circular shape more plasmolysed ; irregular cytoplasm

33
Q

Transient leukocytosis

A

Reactive cause and occurs when a a normal or health bone marrow responds to an external stimulus such as infection/inflammation/infarction

34
Q

Persistent leukocytosis

A

Primary blood cell disorder ; not responsive but autonomous ; could be due to somatic DNA damage affecting precursors giving rise to leukaemia/lymphomas/myelomas

35
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Broad term for an elevated WBC count

36
Q

Term given for too many WBCs

A

Ends in ilia or cytosis

37
Q

Term for reduced WBC count

A

Ends in penia (neutropenia/lymphopenia)

38
Q

What is the most common cause of leukocytosis/leukopenia?

A

Changes in the neutrophil count since this is usually the most abundant leukocyte in circulation

39
Q

Neutrophilia - when is it seen?

A

Pregnancy/or following exercise/after prescribing corticosteroids

40
Q

Why does exercise cause neutrophilia?

A

Because vast majority of neutrophils are sat in vasculature

41
Q

What is neutrophilia associated with?

A

Toxic granulation ; heavy coarse granulation of neutrophils and left shift (when IMMATURE neutrophils are released in response to an infection)

42
Q

Example of myeloproliferative disorder

A

Chronic myeloid leukaemia - associated with neutrophilia + basophilia

43
Q

Neutropenia causes

A

Chemo/radio or from autoimmune disorders/severe bacterial + viral + drugs like antimalarials/antipsychotic

44
Q

Physiological basis of neutropenia

A

People of African descent

45
Q

What do patients with neutropenia need?

A

Urgent treatment with intravenous antibiotics

46
Q

When does a hypersegmented neutrophil occur?

A

Increase in the number of neutrophil lobes - RIGHT SHIFT ; results from a lack of vitamin B12/folic acid (megaloblastic anaemia)

47
Q

How many lobes should a neutrophil usually have?

A

3 to 5

48
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Allergy or parasitic infection ; can occur in CML too

49
Q

Basophilia

A

Usually due to leukaemia

50
Q

Monocytosis

A

Due to infection/chronic inflammation and present in some types of leukaemia

51
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Response to viral infection and can result from CML ; often pertussis infections

52
Q

Lymphopenia

A

Les than 10^9/l ; often due to chemo/radio/HIV/corticosteroids

53
Q

What are the most common lymphocytes in blood?

A

CD4+ T cells

54
Q

Why does leukaemia occur?

A

Somatic mutations occurring in a primitive cell ; gives rise to its own clones that replaces normal cells + failure of apoptosis

55
Q

Where are mutations present for leukaemia?

A

In oncogenes/tumour suppressor genes

56
Q

Granulocyte maturation

A

Different stages

57
Q

Granulocyte maturation

A

Different stages

POM (12 decks)

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