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Molecular Biology - Cell Integrity Flashcards

1
Q

Anoxia

A

Total lack of oxygen

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2
Q

NADH reoxidation

A

NADH + H+ + 1/2O2 -> NAD+ + H2O

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3
Q

FADH2 reoxidation

A

FADH2 + 1/2O2 -> FAD + H2O

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4
Q

Delta G for ATP hydrolysis

A

-31 ; so energy released from cofactors can generate several phosphoanhydride bonds

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5
Q

OxPhos takes place in

A

Inner membrane

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6
Q

Krebs takes place

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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7
Q

OxPhos adaptation

A

Folds within Cristal increase SA

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8
Q

How many complexes in ETC

A

4

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9
Q

Mobile carriers of electrons

A

Co-enzyme q and cytochrome c

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10
Q

How does ETC work

A

Complexes 1, 3, 4 accept electrons and protons from aqueous solution - protons are pumped into inter membrane space simultaneously

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11
Q

Complex 2

A

Uses FAD as a cofactor and communicates directly with coenzyme Q ; FADH2 passes on two protons (and electrons) to Coenzyme Q - regenerate FAD and QH2 is formed

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12
Q

Why are fewer ATP molecules regenerated from FADH2 compared to NADH

A

In NADH electrons pass through complex 1 so more protons are pumped into inter membrane space = more ATP

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13
Q

Negative redox potential

A

Redox couples has a tendency to donate electrons and so has more reducing power than hydrogen - GETS OXIDISED - REDUCING AGENT

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14
Q

Oxygen and water redox

A

H2 + 1/2O2 -> H2O

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15
Q

Transfer of electrons from one complex to the next

A

As electrons pass along they lose energy which is used to pump protons into intermembrane space

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16
Q

ATP molecule lifespan

A

Between 1-5 minutes

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17
Q

How much ATP do humans contain?

A

250g and each ATP molecule recycled 300 times

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18
Q

How much ATP does a sedentary human require per day?

A

83 kg

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19
Q

How quickly is cell death

A

A few minutes for neurons and a few hours for muscle

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20
Q

Transfer of electrons from one complex to another?

A

Energetically favourable

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21
Q

ATP synthase is made of?

A

F0 and F1 area
F0 = a, b and c
F1 = a, b and g
Each consists of three different subunits

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22
Q

Difference between FO and F1

A

FO is membrane bound and F1 is projecting into matrix space

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23
Q

ATP synthase actions

A

Can generate and consume H+
ATP synthesis = H+ comes into matrix - rotor turns clockwise and then ADP phosphorylation to ATP
ATP hydrolysis = H+ comes out from matrix and rotor turns other way for dephosphorylation of ATP to ADP

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24
Q

Cathode (platinum)

A

Negatively charged - H+ ions are attracted to it so oxygen is reduced to form H2O

25
Silver anode
Negatively charged ; attracts Cl- so silver undergoes oxidation to form silver chloride
26
Oxygen electrode graph
ADP is added before decline and then oxidative phosphorylation occurs before O2 is finally exhausted
27
Metabolic poison - cyanide
Bind with high affinity to ferric iron in complex IV ; blocks flow of electrons and thus ATP production
28
Malonate
Competitive inhibitor of succinctness dehydrogenase (complex II) ; slows down flow of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone by inhibiting oxidation of succinate to fumarate
29
Where does succinate dehydrogenase reside?
Inner mitochondrial membrane - passes electrons to ubiquinone via FAD
30
Dinitrophenol
Able to move protons through bilayers and thus chemically uncouples substrate oxidation from ATP production
31
Non shivering thermogenesis
UCP-1 (uncoupling protein) activated as a response to low body temp ATP synthase is bypassed and much of energy in H+ gradient is dissipated as heat
32
Rotenone
Strong inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I
33
Oligomycin
Blocks proton channel (FO subunit)
34
Substrate level phosphorylation
Direct transfer of a phosphate group in glycolysis/TCA to form ATP or GTP
35
Delta G for NADH/FADH2 re-oxidation
NADH is -220 which is more than -167 for FADH2 ; so NADH re-oxidation can create more phosphoanhydride bonds (ATP delta G is -31)
36
ETC mobile carrier co-enzyme q
UBIQUINONE
37
FADH2 path
Succinate dehydrogenase (complex two) then goes on to co-enzyme q etc etc ; bypasses complex 1 so fewer membranes pumped into intermembrane space - so less ATP made when they flow back in via ATP synthase
38
NADH
Bypasses complex II
39
Where else is FADH2 created?
Glycerol-phosphate shuttle Beta oxidation
40
If electrons were being transferred and there was no proton gradient
ENERGY WOULD BE DISSIPATED AS HEAT
41
To make ATP
Protons have to flow back via ATP synthase into matrix and this drives rotation of F1 region
42
To consume ATP
Reverse direction of proton flow
43
Base of chamber that houses the oxygen electrode
Teflon membrane which is permeable to oxygen ; underneath this is a platinum cathode and silver anode
44
Oxygen electrode
Small voltage of 0.6 volts causes oxygen defuses and reduced at platinum cathode to water
45
Electrolyte
Potassium chloride
46
With nothing being added to mitochondrial suspension
Gentle decline as oxygen is steadily consumed
47
When ADP is added
Oxygen uptake increases rapidly because ADP/inorganic phosphate control uptake of oxygen - this is called respiratory control ; matched oxygen consumption with actual energy requirements
48
Cyanide and Azide (N3-) bind to
Haem group in complex 4 blocking flow of electrons
49
Malonate
Closely resembles succinate so comp inhibitor of complex 2 ; slows down flow of electrons (from FADH2 originally) from succinate to ubiquinone by inhibiting oxidation of succinate to fumarate
50
DNP
Bypasses ATP synthase - transporting protons through bilayer and uncoupling ATP production from proton pumping
51
What does DNP lead to?
Weight loss - increased metabolic rate/body temp since more protons have to be pumped so more fuel must be metabolised to make ATP
52
DNP as a dieting agent
Doses are slight between death and dieting so do not use
53
Where is non-shivering thermogenesis seen?
Newborn babies/hibernating animals ; UCP-1 bypasses ATP synthase ; much of energy within proton gradient is dissipated as heat
54
Rotenone
Inhibits transfer from complex 1 to ubiquinone
55
Malonate
Inhibits complex 2 to ubiquinone
56
Cyanide and azide
Block final step of ETC
57
Oligomycin
Antibiotic binds to stalk of ATP synthase - blocking flow of electrons so blocking ATP synthesis
58
DNP
Proton IONOPHORE
59
Metabolism of succinate
Produces FADH2 which bypasses complex 1

POM (12 decks)

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