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POM > Molecular Biology - Cell Integrity > Flashcards

Molecular Biology - Cell Integrity Flashcards

1
Q

Anoxia

A

Total lack of oxygen

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2
Q

NADH reoxidation

A

NADH + H+ + 1/2O2 -> NAD+ + H2O

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3
Q

FADH2 reoxidation

A

FADH2 + 1/2O2 -> FAD + H2O

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4
Q

Delta G for ATP hydrolysis

A

-31 ; so energy released from cofactors can generate several phosphoanhydride bonds

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5
Q

OxPhos takes place in

A

Inner membrane

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6
Q

Krebs takes place

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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7
Q

OxPhos adaptation

A

Folds within Cristal increase SA

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8
Q

How many complexes in ETC

A

4

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9
Q

Mobile carriers of electrons

A

Co-enzyme q and cytochrome c

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10
Q

How does ETC work

A

Complexes 1, 3, 4 accept electrons and protons from aqueous solution - protons are pumped into inter membrane space simultaneously

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11
Q

Complex 2

A

Uses FAD as a cofactor and communicates directly with coenzyme Q ; FADH2 passes on two protons (and electrons) to Coenzyme Q - regenerate FAD and QH2 is formed

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12
Q

Why are fewer ATP molecules regenerated from FADH2 compared to NADH

A

In NADH electrons pass through complex 1 so more protons are pumped into inter membrane space = more ATP

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13
Q

Negative redox potential

A

Redox couples has a tendency to donate electrons and so has more reducing power than hydrogen - GETS OXIDISED - REDUCING AGENT

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14
Q

Oxygen and water redox

A

H2 + 1/2O2 -> H2O

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15
Q

Transfer of electrons from one complex to the next

A

As electrons pass along they lose energy which is used to pump protons into intermembrane space

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16
Q

ATP molecule lifespan

A

Between 1-5 minutes

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17
Q

How much ATP do humans contain?

A

250g and each ATP molecule recycled 300 times

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18
Q

How much ATP does a sedentary human require per day?

A

83 kg

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19
Q

How quickly is cell death

A

A few minutes for neurons and a few hours for muscle

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20
Q

Transfer of electrons from one complex to another?

A

Energetically favourable

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21
Q

ATP synthase is made of?

A

F0 and F1 area
F0 = a, b and c
F1 = a, b and g
Each consists of three different subunits

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22
Q

Difference between FO and F1

A

FO is membrane bound and F1 is projecting into matrix space

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23
Q

ATP synthase actions

A

Can generate and consume H+
ATP synthesis = H+ comes into matrix - rotor turns clockwise and then ADP phosphorylation to ATP
ATP hydrolysis = H+ comes out from matrix and rotor turns other way for dephosphorylation of ATP to ADP

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24
Q

Cathode (platinum)

A

Negatively charged - H+ ions are attracted to it so oxygen is reduced to form H2O

25
Q

Silver anode

A

Negatively charged ; attracts Cl- so silver undergoes oxidation to form silver chloride

26
Q

Oxygen electrode graph

A

ADP is added before decline and then oxidative phosphorylation occurs before O2 is finally exhausted

27
Q

Metabolic poison - cyanide

A

Bind with high affinity to ferric iron in complex IV ; blocks flow of electrons and thus ATP production

28
Q

Malonate

A

Competitive inhibitor of succinctness dehydrogenase (complex II) ; slows down flow of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone by inhibiting oxidation of succinate to fumarate

29
Q

Where does succinate dehydrogenase reside?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane - passes electrons to ubiquinone via FAD

30
Q

Dinitrophenol

A

Able to move protons through bilayers and thus chemically uncouples substrate oxidation from ATP production

31
Q

Non shivering thermogenesis

A

UCP-1 (uncoupling protein) activated as a response to low body temp
ATP synthase is bypassed and much of energy in H+ gradient is dissipated as heat

32
Q

Rotenone

A

Strong inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I

33
Q

Oligomycin

A

Blocks proton channel (FO subunit)

34
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Direct transfer of a phosphate group in glycolysis/TCA to form ATP or GTP

35
Q

Delta G for NADH/FADH2 re-oxidation

A

NADH is -220 which is more than -167 for FADH2 ; so NADH re-oxidation can create more phosphoanhydride bonds (ATP delta G is -31)

36
Q

ETC mobile carrier co-enzyme q

A

UBIQUINONE

37
Q

FADH2 path

A

Succinate dehydrogenase (complex two) then goes on to co-enzyme q etc etc ; bypasses complex 1 so fewer membranes pumped into intermembrane space - so less ATP made when they flow back in via ATP synthase

38
Q

NADH

A

Bypasses complex II

39
Q

Where else is FADH2 created?

A

Glycerol-phosphate shuttle
Beta oxidation

40
Q

If electrons were being transferred and there was no proton gradient

A

ENERGY WOULD BE DISSIPATED AS HEAT

41
Q

To make ATP

A

Protons have to flow back via ATP synthase into matrix and this drives rotation of F1 region

42
Q

To consume ATP

A

Reverse direction of proton flow

43
Q

Base of chamber that houses the oxygen electrode

A

Teflon membrane which is permeable to oxygen ; underneath this is a platinum cathode and silver anode

44
Q

Oxygen electrode

A

Small voltage of 0.6 volts causes oxygen defuses and reduced at platinum cathode to water

45
Q

Electrolyte

A

Potassium chloride

46
Q

With nothing being added to mitochondrial suspension

A

Gentle decline as oxygen is steadily consumed

47
Q

When ADP is added

A

Oxygen uptake increases rapidly because ADP/inorganic phosphate control uptake of oxygen - this is called respiratory control ; matched oxygen consumption with actual energy requirements

48
Q

Cyanide and Azide (N3-) bind to

A

Haem group in complex 4 blocking flow of electrons

49
Q

Malonate

A

Closely resembles succinate so comp inhibitor of complex 2 ; slows down flow of electrons (from FADH2 originally) from succinate to ubiquinone by inhibiting oxidation of succinate to fumarate

50
Q

DNP

A

Bypasses ATP synthase - transporting protons through bilayer and uncoupling ATP production from proton pumping

51
Q

What does DNP lead to?

A

Weight loss - increased metabolic rate/body temp since more protons have to be pumped so more fuel must be metabolised to make ATP

52
Q

DNP as a dieting agent

A

Doses are slight between death and dieting so do not use

53
Q

Where is non-shivering thermogenesis seen?

A

Newborn babies/hibernating animals ; UCP-1 bypasses ATP synthase ; much of energy within proton gradient is dissipated as heat

54
Q

Rotenone

A

Inhibits transfer from complex 1 to ubiquinone

55
Q

Malonate

A

Inhibits complex 2 to ubiquinone

56
Q

Cyanide and azide

A

Block final step of ETC

57
Q

Oligomycin

A

Antibiotic binds to stalk of ATP synthase - blocking flow of electrons so blocking ATP synthesis

58
Q

DNP

A

Proton IONOPHORE

59
Q

Metabolism of succinate

A

Produces FADH2 which bypasses complex 1

POM (12 decks)

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