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POM > Molecular Biology - Epithelial cells/tissues > Flashcards

Molecular Biology - Epithelial cells/tissues Flashcards

1
Q

System hierarchy

A

Cells - tissues- organs - organ systems - organism

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Group or groups of cells whose type, organisation and architecture are integral to its function

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3
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Material deposited by cells which forms the insoluble part of the extracellular environment - composed of fibrillar proteins embedded in hydrated gel

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4
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Form continuous layers which line ad separate tissue compartments

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5
Q

5 main cell types

A

Connective tissue cells - chrondocytes etc
Contractile tissue - cardiac/skeletal muscle
Haematopoietic cells - blood cells
Neural cells - neurones and glial cells (support)
Epithelial cells

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6
Q

Carcinomas

A

Derived from epithelial cells

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7
Q

Sarcomas

A

Connective tissue/muscle cancers

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8
Q

Leukaemias (bone marrow) /lymphomas (lymphocytes)

A

Haematopoietic cancers

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9
Q

Neuroblastomas

A

Neural cell cancers from neurones

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10
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Make organised/stable cell-cell junctions to form continuous and cohesive layers

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11
Q

Epithelial layers

A

Cell-cell junctions are key to the formation and maintenance of epithelial layers

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12
Q

Epithelial classification

A

Shape
Layer

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13
Q

Shape

A

Squamous (plate shapes) - flat
Columnar - arranged in columns (long vertically)
Cuboidal - cube like

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14
Q

Layer

A

Single layer = simple epithelium (alveoli)
Multi-layer = stratified epithelium

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15
Q

Simple squamous found in

A

Small diffusion distance - alveoli/mesothelium/endothelium ; allows exchange to occur

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16
Q

Simple cuboidal found in

A

Linings found in ducts

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17
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Surfaces involved in absoprtion and secretion of molecules (like enterocytes lining the gut)

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18
Q

Keratinizing

A

Epithelial cells produce keratin - die - become thicker and stronger (like the skin) ; lose their cellular organelles

19
Q

Non-keratinizing

A

Retain their nuclei and organelles (epithelium lining mouth, anus etc)

20
Q

If no nuclei visible

A

Keratinizing

21
Q

purpose of keratinizing

A

Protects tissues from heat/cold/solvents etc

22
Q

Pseudo-stratified epithelium

A

Surface layers have contact with basal lamina

23
Q

Stratified means

A

NO GAP BETWEEN LAYERS OF CELLS

24
Q

Epithelial cells functions

A

Transporting epithelium
Absorptive epithelium
Secretory epithelium

25
Q

Membrane polarity gives

A

DIRECTIONALITY

26
Q

Bottom and top of cell

A

Bottom = basolateral (attached to basal lamina)
Top = apical domain

27
Q

State of epithelia

A

Must be polarised for mass flow to occur

28
Q

Adaptations for efficient transport

A

Mnay mitochondria provide a lot of ATP needed for transport across membranes
Greater membrane infoldings = larger surface area to pump

29
Q

Where are mitochondria located?

A

Near the basal aspect close to the infoldings which contain active transporters - apex has directionality (passive movement)

30
Q

Where is active transport confined mainly?

A

Basal - so ion/water transport has directionality

31
Q

Absorptive epithelium

A

Small intestine SA is long + greater with villi etc - found at brush-border membranes

32
Q

Brush borders

A

Rich in active transporters and channels for uptake of nutrients

33
Q

Secretory epithelium

A

Tubules + glands
Exocrine (into duct/lumen) and ENDOCRINE (into bloodstream)

34
Q

Exocrine pancreas

A

Out via pancreatic duct

35
Q

Endocrine cells secrete tooooo

A

Basal aspect ; secretory vesicles are positioned for easy access to blood circulation

36
Q

Apical phase

A

Enzymes/pancreatic juices exocrine UNLIKE HORMONE BASAL

37
Q

Turning over of cells?

A

Cells lost by cell death and are replaced by proliferation of stem cells in epithelium ; balance between cell proliferation and cell death

38
Q

How does replacement work in turnover of epithelial cells?

A

Cells in intestinal crypts replace cells lost from tips of the villi?

39
Q

Cancer drugs what happens?

A

Drugs inhibit proliferation of crypt cells so = loss of villi and results in GI side-effects
SHORTENED VILLI

40
Q

Tumour formation

A

Rate of cell loss not sufficient to maintain tissue volume - creates a benign tumour (adenoma) which has high risk of acquiring mutations that switch to cancerous

41
Q

Epithelial cell proliferation - epidermis

A

Proliferate in basal cell layer - lose their organelles and then migrate to surface (keratinising while doing so)

42
Q

Hyperproliferation of epithelial cells

A

Increased cell numbers and thickening ; cells will accumulate and create an increased thick hard layer

43
Q

Papilloma virus

A

Hijacks cellular machiner and induce proliferation which causes surface growth

44
Q

Changes to steady state physiologically?

A

Endometrial epithelial lining during menstrual cycle
Increase during pregnancy in number and size of epithelial glands of breast

POM (12 decks)

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