Random Facts for exam 1

Question 1

What are Titins?

Answer 1

the proteins that hold myosin bundles to the Z disk

Question 2

WHere does the greater splanchnic nerve leave the sympathetic chain?

Answer 2

T5-T9

Question 3

Does the greater splanchnic nerve synapse in the chain? Where do those nerves originate? What does the greater splanchnic innervate?

Answer 3

no it does not
originates in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
innervates the foregut

Question 4

Does the lesser splanchnic nerve synapse in the chain? Where do those nerves originate? What does the greater splanchnic innervate?

Answer 4

No
originates in lateral horn
innervates mid gut

Question 5

Where does the lesser splanchnic nerve leave the sympathetic chain?

Answer 5

T10-T11

Question 6

Where does the least splanchnic nerve leave the sympathetic chain?

Answer 6

T12

Question 7

Does the least splanchnic nerve synapse in the chain? Where do those nerves originate? What does the greater splanchnic innervate?

Answer 7

No
originates in the lateral horn
innervates the kidneys and gonads

Question 8

at approximately what level does the azygos vein enter the IVC?

Answer 8

T4

Question 9

Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain?

Answer 9

azygous, hemiazygous, or accessory hemiazygous depending on where the vein is

Question 10

Were do anterior intercostal veins drain?

Answer 10

internal thoracic vein

Question 11

are posterior and anterior intercostals connected?

Answer 11

yes, they anastomize

Question 12

Where does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 12

T10

Question 13

What spinal level does the trachea split?

Answer 13

T4 (same level the ascending Aorta starts and the pulmonary arteries are)

Question 14

Where is the great cardiac vein on the heart?

Answer 14

near the LAD vein on theanterior of the heart

Question 15

Where do the sympathetic cardiac nerves leave the sympathetic chain and where do they originate?

Answer 15

The leave the chain at T1-T4 but also some C levels. They all originate in T1-T4 spinal cord

Question 16

Where does parasympathetic innervation for the heart originate and what is the nerve called?

Answer 16

originates in the medulla. nerve is called Vagus nerve

Question 17

Why do heart attacks refer pain to the left pec and armpit?

Answer 17

because the visceral sensory information for the heart enters through the T1-T4 dermatome areas so the brain tries to make sense of it by referring pain there

Question 18

Where else can heart attacks refer pain when the visceral nerve that runs next the vagus nerve is activated?

Answer 18

craniofacial region

Question 19

What are the four types of mechanoreceptors?

Answer 19

Merkel’s cells
meissner corpuscle
ruffini ending
pacinian corpuscle

Question 20

What kind of pain runs through somatic pain neurons?

Answer 20

Thermal mechanical chemical

Question 21

What kind of pain runs through visceral pain neurons?

Answer 21

referred, perceieved as peripheral

Question 22

what kind of pain runs through Neuropathic pain neurons?

Answer 22

burning or shocking pain when neurons are being damaged

Question 23

How does Calcitonin increase calcium in the bone and thus decrease plasma calcium?

Answer 23

Inhibits Ca2+ absorption by the intestines
Inhibits osteoclast activity in bones
Stimulates osteoblastic activity in bones
Inhibits renal tubular cell reabsorption of Ca2+ allowing it to be excreted in the urine

Question 24

What post ganglionic neurons do neural crest cells become?

Answer 24

dorsal root ganglion
sympathetic chain
preaortic ganglia
intramural ganglia

Question 25

What is the trachealis muscle?

Answer 25

the muscle that is on the esophageal side of the trachea that allows it to cave in a little bit when we eat something

Question 26

Where do we find club cells most concentrated?

Answer 26

Terminal Bronchioles

Question 27

How are alveoli connected? WHy is this important?

Answer 27

They are connected through pores called Pores of Kohn. This is important because it allows alveoli that are otherwise blocked off because of an abnormality to still receive some air and participate in respiration. Sadly it is also the site for infection to travel between alveoli