Random Facts for exam 1 Flashcards
What are Titins?
the proteins that hold myosin bundles to the Z disk
WHere does the greater splanchnic nerve leave the sympathetic chain?
T5-T9
Does the greater splanchnic nerve synapse in the chain? Where do those nerves originate? What does the greater splanchnic innervate?
no it does not
originates in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
innervates the foregut
Does the lesser splanchnic nerve synapse in the chain? Where do those nerves originate? What does the greater splanchnic innervate?
No
originates in lateral horn
innervates mid gut
Where does the lesser splanchnic nerve leave the sympathetic chain?
T10-T11
Where does the least splanchnic nerve leave the sympathetic chain?
T12
Does the least splanchnic nerve synapse in the chain? Where do those nerves originate? What does the greater splanchnic innervate?
No
originates in the lateral horn
innervates the kidneys and gonads
at approximately what level does the azygos vein enter the IVC?
T4
Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain?
azygous, hemiazygous, or accessory hemiazygous depending on where the vein is
Were do anterior intercostal veins drain?
internal thoracic vein
are posterior and anterior intercostals connected?
yes, they anastomize
Where does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?
T10
What spinal level does the trachea split?
T4 (same level the ascending Aorta starts and the pulmonary arteries are)
Where is the great cardiac vein on the heart?
near the LAD vein on theanterior of the heart
Where do the sympathetic cardiac nerves leave the sympathetic chain and where do they originate?
The leave the chain at T1-T4 but also some C levels. They all originate in T1-T4 spinal cord
Where does parasympathetic innervation for the heart originate and what is the nerve called?
originates in the medulla. nerve is called Vagus nerve
Why do heart attacks refer pain to the left pec and armpit?
because the visceral sensory information for the heart enters through the T1-T4 dermatome areas so the brain tries to make sense of it by referring pain there
Where else can heart attacks refer pain when the visceral nerve that runs next the vagus nerve is activated?
craniofacial region
What are the four types of mechanoreceptors?
Merkel’s cells
meissner corpuscle
ruffini ending
pacinian corpuscle
What kind of pain runs through somatic pain neurons?
Thermal mechanical chemical
What kind of pain runs through visceral pain neurons?
referred, perceieved as peripheral
what kind of pain runs through Neuropathic pain neurons?
burning or shocking pain when neurons are being damaged
How does Calcitonin increase calcium in the bone and thus decrease plasma calcium?
Inhibits Ca2+ absorption by the intestines
Inhibits osteoclast activity in bones
Stimulates osteoblastic activity in bones
Inhibits renal tubular cell reabsorption of Ca2+ allowing it to be excreted in the urine
What post ganglionic neurons do neural crest cells become?
dorsal root ganglion
sympathetic chain
preaortic ganglia
intramural ganglia
What is the trachealis muscle?
the muscle that is on the esophageal side of the trachea that allows it to cave in a little bit when we eat something
Where do we find club cells most concentrated?
Terminal Bronchioles
How are alveoli connected? WHy is this important?
They are connected through pores called Pores of Kohn. This is important because it allows alveoli that are otherwise blocked off because of an abnormality to still receive some air and participate in respiration. Sadly it is also the site for infection to travel between alveoli
