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HFF > HFF Week 1 > Flashcards

HFF Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a synarthrotic joint?

A

one that is not moveable

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2
Q

What is a diarthrotic joint?

A

a joint that is freely moveable

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3
Q

Are suture joints in the head and gomphoses synarthrotic or diarthrotic?

A

Diarthrotic

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4
Q

What nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the Trapezius muscle?

A

Spinal accessory nerve

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5
Q

What nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the Two Rhomboid back muscles and Levator Scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular nerve

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6
Q

What nerve of the brachial plexus innervates Latissimus Dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

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7
Q

The superficial back muscles other than Trapezius are innervated by dorsal rami or ventral rami?

A

ventral rami

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8
Q

What are the Erector Spinae muscles from medial to lateral?

A

Spinalis
Longissimus
Ileocostalis

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9
Q

What are the Transversospinalis muscles from superior to inferior?

A

Semispinalis
Rotatores
Multifidus

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10
Q

Name the Suboccipital muscles. What is the function of 3 of them and what is the function of the outlier?

A 
Rectis Capitis Posterior Major/Minor
Obliquus Capitis Inferior/Superior
Obliquus Capitis rotates to the opposite side and tilts head
the other three rotate to the same side
all of them extend the neck.
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11
Q

what are the names of the muscles above and below the spine of the scapula?

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

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12
Q

What is the name of the muscle on the ventral side of the scapula?

A

subscapularis

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13
Q

What molecule are microfilaments composed of?

A

actin

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14
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A

give shape and structure to cell, in microvilli and filopodia, form tracks for myosin

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15
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments? Are they contractile?

A

give structure to the cell by connecting to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. non-contractile

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16
Q

What molecule makes up microtubules?

A

tubulin

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17
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

monorail system for motor proteins

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18
Q

What do tight junction proteins bind to on the inside of a cell?

A

actin microfilaments

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19
Q

T/F: tight junctions have homotypical protein interactions in between cells

A

True

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20
Q

What is the function of zonula adherens?

A

hold cells together

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21
Q

what are the two major proteins in zonula adherens?

A

catenin (inside) and cadherin (outside)

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22
Q

what molecule is cadherin dependent on?

A

Calcium

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23
Q

Zona adherens attach to what cytoskeletal element?

A

actin microfilaments

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24
Q

What is the important protein in focal adhesion junctions?

A

integrins

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25
Q

What do focal adhesion junctions attach to outside the cell?

A

extracellular matrix

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26
Q

what cytoskeletal structure do desmosomes and hemidesmosomes attach to within the cell?

A

intermediate filaments

27
Q

What do hemidesmosomes attach to?

A

basal lamina of the basement membrane

28
Q

what is the function of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes?

A

resist shearing forces

29
Q

what is the protein that make up gap junctions? how many make 1 junction? and what is that group called

A

6 connexins = 1 connexon

30
Q

what is the purpose of gap junctions?

A

to propagate electrical signals

31
Q

how are epithelial cells replaced?

A

by pluripotent progenitor cells dividing and differentiating

32
Q

what are the functions of epithelium?

A

protection, transport (passive or active)

33
Q

connective tissue comes from what embryonic tissue?

A

mesoderm

34
Q

T/F: the cells in connective tissue come from endodermal progenitor cells

A

False, they come from mesenchymal progenitro cells

35
Q

what is the function of connective tissue?

A

mechanical and protective support of surrounding tissue, store interstitial fluid, early repair of organs, defense and protection against pathogens

36
Q

what is the most abundant cell in connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts

37
Q

what are the 4 permanent cells in connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells

38
Q

What structure does collagen have?

A

triple helical

39
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

collagen

40
Q

how are collagen fiber bundles arranged?

A

with staggered overlap

41
Q

what is the ground substance of connective tissue made of?

A

mainly proteoglycans and glycoproteins

42
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

protein core with glycosaminoglycan chains

43
Q

what is a unique function of proteoglycans?

A

can serve to sequester growth factors in ECM and help activate growth factor receptors after injury

44
Q

what are glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrate side chains

45
Q

what cell degrades the extracellular matrix?

A

fibroblasts and MMPs

46
Q

What is the functions of glycoproteins?

A

Anchor proteins to membranes and identify the cell

47
Q

What molecules are responsible for driving and resolving inflammation? What are specific examples?

A

Lipids; prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotriens

48
Q

What is cholesterol and where is it located?

A

Fatty acid; found in cel membranes

49
Q

What are some functions of fatty acids and lipids?

A

store energy
form membranes
carry information and signal
surfactants

50
Q

What lipid concentrated area are Triglycerides not found?

A

biological membranes

51
Q

what transfers triglycerides from adipose tissue to other cells?

A

Lipoproteins

52
Q

What are the 3 major membrane lipids

A

Phosholipids
Sphingolipids
Glycolipids

53
Q

What are the 5 types of Endocytosis?

A 
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Clatherin Dependent
Caveolin Dependent
Clatherin and Caveolin independent
54
Q

What are the functions of Endocytosis?

A

remodel the plasma membrane
alter the extracellular environment
provide necessary nutrients
regulate signal transduction

55
Q

What enzyme is critical in the endocytic pathway?

A

Rab GTPase

56
Q

What is the function of the Golgi?

A

import and export of materials

57
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

support, structure, and movement of cargo

58
Q

Which direction to Kinesin proteins move cargo?

A

anterograde (away from the nucleus)

59
Q

Which direction do Dyenin proteins move cargo?

A

retrograde (toward the nucleus)

60
Q

What three processes occur within the Mitochondria?

A

glycolysis, electron transport chain, and citric acid cycle

61
Q

What happens in G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

cellular contents are duplicated

62
Q

What happens in S phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA is duplicated

63
Q

What happens in G2

A

Chromosomes cohere and proper duplication is checked

64
Q

How are proteins sorted to specific compartments or secreted?

A

They have signals on the initial part of the protein as it comes out of the ribosomes that cause it to be carried where it needs to go

HFF (4 decks)

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