HFF Week 1

Question 1

What is a synarthrotic joint?

Answer 1

one that is not moveable

Question 2

What is a diarthrotic joint?

Answer 2

a joint that is freely moveable

Question 3

Are suture joints in the head and gomphoses synarthrotic or diarthrotic?

Answer 3

Diarthrotic

Question 4

What nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the Trapezius muscle?

Answer 4

Spinal accessory nerve

Question 5

What nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the Two Rhomboid back muscles and Levator Scapulae?

Answer 5

dorsal scapular nerve

Question 6

What nerve of the brachial plexus innervates Latissimus Dorsi?

Answer 6

Thoracodorsal nerve

Question 7

The superficial back muscles other than Trapezius are innervated by dorsal rami or ventral rami?

Answer 7

ventral rami

Question 8

What are the Erector Spinae muscles from medial to lateral?

Answer 8

Spinalis
Longissimus
Ileocostalis

Question 9

What are the Transversospinalis muscles from superior to inferior?

Answer 9

Semispinalis
Rotatores
Multifidus

Question 10

Name the Suboccipital muscles. What is the function of 3 of them and what is the function of the outlier?

Answer 10

Rectis Capitis Posterior Major/Minor
Obliquus Capitis Inferior/Superior
Obliquus Capitis rotates to the opposite side and tilts head
the other three rotate to the same side
all of them extend the neck.

Question 11

what are the names of the muscles above and below the spine of the scapula?

Answer 11

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

Question 12

What is the name of the muscle on the ventral side of the scapula?

Answer 12

subscapularis

Question 13

What molecule are microfilaments composed of?

Answer 13

actin

Question 14

What are the functions of microfilaments?

Answer 14

give shape and structure to cell, in microvilli and filopodia, form tracks for myosin

Question 15

What is the function of intermediate filaments? Are they contractile?

Answer 15

give structure to the cell by connecting to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. non-contractile

Question 16

What molecule makes up microtubules?

Answer 16

tubulin

Question 17

What is the function of microtubules?

Answer 17

monorail system for motor proteins

Question 18

What do tight junction proteins bind to on the inside of a cell?

Answer 18

actin microfilaments

Question 19

T/F: tight junctions have homotypical protein interactions in between cells

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What is the function of zonula adherens?

Answer 20

hold cells together

Question 21

what are the two major proteins in zonula adherens?

Answer 21

catenin (inside) and cadherin (outside)

Question 22

what molecule is cadherin dependent on?

Answer 22

Calcium

Question 23

Zona adherens attach to what cytoskeletal element?

Answer 23

actin microfilaments

Question 24

What is the important protein in focal adhesion junctions?

Answer 24

integrins

Question 25

What do focal adhesion junctions attach to outside the cell?

Answer 25

extracellular matrix

Question 26

what cytoskeletal structure do desmosomes and hemidesmosomes attach to within the cell?

Answer 26

intermediate filaments

Question 27

What do hemidesmosomes attach to?

Answer 27

basal lamina of the basement membrane

Question 28

what is the function of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes?

Answer 28

resist shearing forces

Question 29

what is the protein that make up gap junctions? how many make 1 junction? and what is that group called

Answer 29

6 connexins = 1 connexon

Question 30

what is the purpose of gap junctions?

Answer 30

to propagate electrical signals

Question 31

how are epithelial cells replaced?

Answer 31

by pluripotent progenitor cells dividing and differentiating

Question 32

what are the functions of epithelium?

Answer 32

protection, transport (passive or active)

Question 33

connective tissue comes from what embryonic tissue?

Answer 33

mesoderm

Question 34

T/F: the cells in connective tissue come from endodermal progenitor cells

Answer 34

False, they come from mesenchymal progenitro cells

Question 35

what is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 35

mechanical and protective support of surrounding tissue, store interstitial fluid, early repair of organs, defense and protection against pathogens

Question 36

what is the most abundant cell in connective tissue?

Answer 36

fibroblasts

Question 37

what are the 4 permanent cells in connective tissue?

Answer 37

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells

Question 38

What structure does collagen have?

Answer 38

triple helical

Question 39

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

Answer 39

collagen

Question 40

how are collagen fiber bundles arranged?

Answer 40

with staggered overlap

Question 41

what is the ground substance of connective tissue made of?

Answer 41

mainly proteoglycans and glycoproteins

Question 42

what are proteoglycans?

Answer 42

protein core with glycosaminoglycan chains

Question 43

what is a unique function of proteoglycans?

Answer 43

can serve to sequester growth factors in ECM and help activate growth factor receptors after injury

Question 44

what are glycoproteins

Answer 44

proteins with carbohydrate side chains

Question 45

what cell degrades the extracellular matrix?

Answer 45

fibroblasts and MMPs

Question 46

What is the functions of glycoproteins?

Answer 46

Anchor proteins to membranes and identify the cell

Question 47

What molecules are responsible for driving and resolving inflammation? What are specific examples?

Answer 47

Lipids; prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotriens

Question 48

What is cholesterol and where is it located?

Answer 48

Fatty acid; found in cel membranes

Question 49

What are some functions of fatty acids and lipids?

Answer 49

store energy form membranes carry information and signal surfactants

Question 50

What lipid concentrated area are Triglycerides not found?

Answer 50

biological membranes

Question 51

what transfers triglycerides from adipose tissue to other cells?

Answer 51

Lipoproteins

Question 52

What are the 3 major membrane lipids

Answer 52

Phosholipids Sphingolipids Glycolipids

Question 53

What are the 5 types of Endocytosis?

Answer 53

``` Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Clatherin Dependent Caveolin Dependent Clatherin and Caveolin independent ```

Question 54

What are the functions of Endocytosis?

Answer 54

remodel the plasma membrane alter the extracellular environment provide necessary nutrients regulate signal transduction

Question 55

What enzyme is critical in the endocytic pathway?

Answer 55

Rab GTPase

Question 56

What is the function of the Golgi?

Answer 56

import and export of materials

Question 57

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 57

support, structure, and movement of cargo

Question 58

Which direction to Kinesin proteins move cargo?

Answer 58

anterograde (away from the nucleus)

Question 59

Which direction do Dyenin proteins move cargo?

Answer 59

retrograde (toward the nucleus)

Question 60

What three processes occur within the Mitochondria?

Answer 60

glycolysis, electron transport chain, and citric acid cycle

Question 61

What happens in G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 61

cellular contents are duplicated

Question 62

What happens in S phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 62

DNA is duplicated

Question 63

What happens in G2

Answer 63

Chromosomes cohere and proper duplication is checked

Question 64

How are proteins sorted to specific compartments or secreted?

Answer 64

They have signals on the initial part of the protein as it comes out of the ribosomes that cause it to be carried where it needs to go