HFF Week 1 Flashcards
What is a synarthrotic joint?
one that is not moveable
What is a diarthrotic joint?
a joint that is freely moveable
Are suture joints in the head and gomphoses synarthrotic or diarthrotic?
Diarthrotic
What nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the Trapezius muscle?
Spinal accessory nerve
What nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the Two Rhomboid back muscles and Levator Scapulae?
dorsal scapular nerve
What nerve of the brachial plexus innervates Latissimus Dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
The superficial back muscles other than Trapezius are innervated by dorsal rami or ventral rami?
ventral rami
What are the Erector Spinae muscles from medial to lateral?
Spinalis
Longissimus
Ileocostalis
What are the Transversospinalis muscles from superior to inferior?
Semispinalis
Rotatores
Multifidus
Name the Suboccipital muscles. What is the function of 3 of them and what is the function of the outlier?
Rectis Capitis Posterior Major/Minor Obliquus Capitis Inferior/Superior Obliquus Capitis rotates to the opposite side and tilts head the other three rotate to the same side all of them extend the neck.
what are the names of the muscles above and below the spine of the scapula?
supraspinatus and infraspinatus
What is the name of the muscle on the ventral side of the scapula?
subscapularis
What molecule are microfilaments composed of?
actin
What are the functions of microfilaments?
give shape and structure to cell, in microvilli and filopodia, form tracks for myosin
What is the function of intermediate filaments? Are they contractile?
give structure to the cell by connecting to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. non-contractile
What molecule makes up microtubules?
tubulin
What is the function of microtubules?
monorail system for motor proteins
What do tight junction proteins bind to on the inside of a cell?
actin microfilaments
T/F: tight junctions have homotypical protein interactions in between cells
True
What is the function of zonula adherens?
hold cells together
what are the two major proteins in zonula adherens?
catenin (inside) and cadherin (outside)
what molecule is cadherin dependent on?
Calcium
Zona adherens attach to what cytoskeletal element?
actin microfilaments
What is the important protein in focal adhesion junctions?
integrins
What do focal adhesion junctions attach to outside the cell?
extracellular matrix
what cytoskeletal structure do desmosomes and hemidesmosomes attach to within the cell?
intermediate filaments
What do hemidesmosomes attach to?
basal lamina of the basement membrane
what is the function of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes?
resist shearing forces
what is the protein that make up gap junctions? how many make 1 junction? and what is that group called
6 connexins = 1 connexon
what is the purpose of gap junctions?
to propagate electrical signals
how are epithelial cells replaced?
by pluripotent progenitor cells dividing and differentiating
what are the functions of epithelium?
protection, transport (passive or active)
connective tissue comes from what embryonic tissue?
mesoderm
T/F: the cells in connective tissue come from endodermal progenitor cells
False, they come from mesenchymal progenitro cells
what is the function of connective tissue?
mechanical and protective support of surrounding tissue, store interstitial fluid, early repair of organs, defense and protection against pathogens
what is the most abundant cell in connective tissue?
fibroblasts
what are the 4 permanent cells in connective tissue?
fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells
What structure does collagen have?
triple helical
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
collagen
how are collagen fiber bundles arranged?
with staggered overlap
what is the ground substance of connective tissue made of?
mainly proteoglycans and glycoproteins
what are proteoglycans?
protein core with glycosaminoglycan chains
what is a unique function of proteoglycans?
can serve to sequester growth factors in ECM and help activate growth factor receptors after injury
what are glycoproteins
proteins with carbohydrate side chains
what cell degrades the extracellular matrix?
fibroblasts and MMPs
What is the functions of glycoproteins?
Anchor proteins to membranes and identify the cell
What molecules are responsible for driving and resolving inflammation? What are specific examples?
Lipids; prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotriens
What is cholesterol and where is it located?
Fatty acid; found in cel membranes
What are some functions of fatty acids and lipids?
store energy
form membranes
carry information and signal
surfactants
What lipid concentrated area are Triglycerides not found?
biological membranes
what transfers triglycerides from adipose tissue to other cells?
Lipoproteins
What are the 3 major membrane lipids
Phosholipids
Sphingolipids
Glycolipids
What are the 5 types of Endocytosis?
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Clatherin Dependent Caveolin Dependent Clatherin and Caveolin independent
What are the functions of Endocytosis?
remodel the plasma membrane
alter the extracellular environment
provide necessary nutrients
regulate signal transduction
What enzyme is critical in the endocytic pathway?
Rab GTPase
What is the function of the Golgi?
import and export of materials
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
support, structure, and movement of cargo
Which direction to Kinesin proteins move cargo?
anterograde (away from the nucleus)
Which direction do Dyenin proteins move cargo?
retrograde (toward the nucleus)
What three processes occur within the Mitochondria?
glycolysis, electron transport chain, and citric acid cycle
What happens in G1 phase of the cell cycle?
cellular contents are duplicated
What happens in S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA is duplicated
What happens in G2
Chromosomes cohere and proper duplication is checked
How are proteins sorted to specific compartments or secreted?
They have signals on the initial part of the protein as it comes out of the ribosomes that cause it to be carried where it needs to go
