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Module 203 > Random Endocrine questions > Flashcards

Random Endocrine questions Flashcards

1
Q

Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

Tremor
Diarrhoea
Weight loss and heat intolerance

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2
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Weight gain
Acne
Stretch marks
Easy bruising

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3
Q

Common age group for acromegaly

A

30-50yrs

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4
Q

Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Defect or damage to the hypothalamus causing malfunction of the thirst mechanism
Individual is excessively thirsty regardless of their fluid status and consumes large volumes of fluid which suppresses secretion of vasopressin and increases urine output

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5
Q

Antibodies seen in Grave’s disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Thyroglobulin antibody

Thyroid peroxidase antibody

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6
Q

Antibody specific to Grave’s disease

A

TSH receptor antibody

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7
Q

Main function of aldosterone

A

Reabsorption of sodium and water as well as causing excretion of potassium to increase blood volume

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8
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Weight gain
Dry skin
Hyporeflexia
Hair loss

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9
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Results from a benign pituitary adenoma secreting excess ACTH
High levels of ACTH in turn causes increased production of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

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10
Q

Acromegaly signs

A 
Oily skin
Visual defects e.g. bitemporal hemianopia
Prominent supraorbital ridge
Increased jaw prominence
Enlargement of tongue (macroglossia)
Enlargement of hands &; fingers
Enlargement of feet
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11
Q

Sensitive measure of thyroid function

A

TSH shows if T4 and T3 is adequate for the patient

Useful for identifying hypothyroidism and ensuring an appropriate amount of thyroxine is administered

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12
Q

What stimulates the release of FSH and LH?

A

GnRH

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13
Q

What is produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone and weak androgens such as 5-DHEA

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14
Q

What is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Noradrenaline

Adrenaline

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15
Q

What are Sertoli cells responsible for producing due to FSH stimulation?

A

Androgen binding globulin

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16
Q

What hormone stimulates Leydig cells?

A

LH

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17
Q

What is an Addisonian crisis?

A

Severe adrenal insufficiency resulting in dangerously low serum cortisol levels

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18
Q

Causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Inability for the kidneys to respond appropriately the vasopressin (ADH) caused by:
Post-obstructive uropathy
Mutations in the vasopressin (ADH) receptor gene
Lithium
Amyloidosis

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19
Q

Gold standard for diagnosing acromegaly

A

Oral glucose tolerance test + Growth hormone measurement

Serum IGF-1 can also be useful for acromegaly screening but not ideal for diagnosis

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20
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Excess cortisol

More common in women

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21
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

A destructive autoimmune disease caused by auto-reactive antibodies against thyroglobulin

22
Q

Addison’s disease

A

A long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones

23
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Passage of large volumes of dilute urine

24
Q

Cause of Addison’s disease

A

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
Tuberculosis
Adrenoleukodystrophy (rare inherited disorder)

25
Q

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Mutations in the ADH receptor gene

Polycystic kidneys

26
Q

Most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Long term use of glucocorticoid treatments (steroids) which are commonly used to suppress inflammation

27
Q

Acromegaly

A

Increased levels of growth hormone stimulate overproduction of IGF1 from the liver
IGF1 stimulates overgrowth of tissues and alters blood glucose / lipid metabolism

28
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

Weight loss
Fatigue
Postural hypotension
Hyperpigmentation

29
Q

Grave’s disease

A

An autoimmune disease directed against thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors. The autoantibodies stimulate the TSH receptors causing increased T3 and T4 production

30
Q

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A 
ACTH
FSH
LH
TSH
Growth hormone
Prolactin
31
Q

Prevalence of acromegaly

A

Equally distributed between sexes

32
Q

Hormones produced by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin/ADH

33
Q

Symptoms of acromegaly

A 
Headache
Visual changes
Paresthesia and weakness in the hands
Increased finger ring size
Deepening voice
Excessive sweating
34
Q

Underlying problem in neurogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Underproduction of vasopressin by posterior pituitary

35
Q

Common cause of acromegaly

A

Pituitary adenoma due to overgrowth of somatotrophe cells

Rarely caused by ectopic production of growth hormone by carcinoid tumours

36
Q

Toxic thyroid adenoma

A

A benign tumour of the thyroid gland which produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones
Arise from follicular cells of the thyroid

37
Q

What is the most likely cause of cardiac arrest in a patient with ketoacidosis?

A

Hypokalaemia therefore need to monitor potassium levels and pt must be attaching to an ECG when administering insulin

38
Q

Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease

A 
Lower abdominal pain (generally bilateral)
Deep dyspareunia
Dysuria
Nausea
Vomiting
Purulent vaginal discharge
39
Q

Normal foetal heart rate

A

110-150bpm

40
Q

Progesterone and breast

A

Promotes breast development but inhibits lactation

41
Q

Endometriosis

A

A chronic oestrogen-dependent condition characterised by the growth of endometrial tissue in sites other than the uterine cavity, most commonly in the pelvic cavity
Common symptoms include subfertility, dysmenorrhoea, pelvic pain (worse at the time of menstruation or just prior to it), and dyspareunia

42
Q

Hormone change in menopause

A

Rise in FSH

43
Q

Cervical ectropion

A

Columnar epithelial cells of the cervix are found at the vaginal part of the cervix
Most common cause of post-coital bleeding

44
Q

What does compression of the pituitary stalk result in?

A

Hypersecretion of prolactin

45
Q

What structure lies posterior to the bifurcation of internal iliac artery into anterior and posterior divisions?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

46
Q

What condition is associated with syndactyly?

A

HOX genes

47
Q

What condition is associated with high TSH levels?

A

Primary hypothyroidism

48
Q

What occurs due to the malformation of a first pharyngeal cleft?

A

Failure of external auditory meatus

49
Q

Clinical features of hypocalcaemia

A 
Spasms (e.g. Trousseau's Sign)
Perioral paraesthesia
Anxious, irritable, irrational
Seizures
Muscle tone increase in smooth muscle (wheeze, dysphagia, colic)
Orientation impairment, confusion
Dermatitis
Impetigo herpetiformis
Chvostek's Sign
50
Q

Other causes of hypocalcaemia

A

chronic kidney disease, pseudohypoparathyroidism, acute rhabdomyolysis, vitamin D deficiency, hypomagnesaemia, osteomalacia, acute pancreatitis, over-hydration, respiratory alkalosis

51
Q

Physiological actions of Thyroid hormones

A

Increase basal metabolic rate - increased carbohydrate metabolism, lipid degradation, protein synthesis, oxygen consumption by different organs, increase effects of insulin and catecholamines
Normal CNS development - myelination of nerves
Normal growth and development

Module 203 (10 decks)

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