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Module 203 > Nuts and Bolts of Endocrine system histology > Flashcards

Nuts and Bolts of Endocrine system histology Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormone acts on target organ away from the secreting cell

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2
Q

Autocrine

A

Hormone acts on secreting cells

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3
Q

Paracrine

A

Hormone acts on adjacent cells

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4
Q

Neuroendocrine

A

Neural stimulation of endocrine cells to secrete hormones e.g. adrenal medulla

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5
Q

Typical structure of endocrine glands

A

Cuboidal secretory cells with a lumen

Secretory cells supported by myoepithelium

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6
Q

Acidophilic cells of the anterior pituitary

A

Take up acidic dyes
Somatotrophes
Lactotrophes

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7
Q

Basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary

A

Take up basic dyes
Thydrotrophes
Gonadotrophes
Corticotrophes

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8
Q

Chromophobic cells of the anterior pituitary

A

No specific staining features

Corticotrophes

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9
Q

Pituitary adenoma

A

Arises from anterior lobe
Functional - hyperpituitarism due to overproduction
Non-functional - hypopituitarism due to pressure effect

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10
Q

Symptoms of pituitary adenoma

A 
Headache
Vomiting
Nausea
Diplopia
Impaired vision e.g. bilateral hemianopsia
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11
Q

Lack of iodine

A

Causes goitre

Thyroid enlarges to absorb the maximum concentration of iodine

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12
Q

Thyroid gland structure

A

Composed of follicles with cuboidal cells containing colloid and with variable sized lumina
Fenestrations between endothelial cells allow hormone to enter bloodstream
Parafollicular/clear/C cells secrete calcitonin to decrease calcium concentration in blood

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13
Q

Origin of medullary carcinoma of thyroid

A

Parafollicular/clear/C cells

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14
Q

Euthyroid pathology

A

Goitre
Adenoma
Carcinoma

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15
Q

Hyperthyroid pathology

A

Grave’s disease

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16
Q

Hypothyroid pathology

A

Hashimoto’s disease

17
Q

Tracheomalacia

A

Softening and collapse of trachea to obstruct airways

Can occur following thyroidectomy if goitre was compressing trachea

18
Q

Grave’s disease

A

Auto-antibodies stimulate TSH receptors to cause diffuse goitre
Increased T3/T4 and decreased TSH (hyperthyroidism)
Infiltrative ophthalmopathy - accumulation of soft tissue and inflammatory cells behind eyes to cause proptosis
Infiltrative dermopathy - causes pre-tibial myxoedma (thickening and hardening of skin on anterior shin, may have oedema)

19
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune disease causing progressive destruction of the thyroid due to inflammation, tissue replaced by fibrosis
Low T3/T4, high TSH, prominent lymphatic infiltration/inflammation

20
Q

Thyroid tumours

A

Benign follicular adenoma

Papillary/follicular/medullary/anaplastic carcinomas

21
Q

Parathyroid pathology

A

Cause hypercalcaemia:
Adenoma affecting 1 gland
Hyperplasia affecting 4 glands

22
Q

Histological appearance of zona glomerulosa

A

closely packed round cells

23
Q

Histological appearance of zona reticularis

A

small dark staining cells

24
Q

Histological appearance of zona fasciculata

A

clear cells arranged in cords

25
Q

Causes of adrenocortical hyperactivity

A 
Hyperplasia
Adenoma (non-functioning may cause Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome)
Cancer (rare)
Cushing's syndrome (excess cortisol)
Conn's syndrome (excess aldosterone)
Androgenital syndrome (excess androgens)
26
Q

Causes of adrenocortical insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease

27
Q

Phaeochromocytoma

A

Tumour of adrenal medulla with increased catecholamine levels

28
Q

Causes of phaeochromocytoma

A

Treatable hypertension
Tumour (MEN2, extra-adrenal, malignant, bilateral)
Genetic causes: Von-Hippel Syndrome (retinal tumour), Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2(MEN2 - thyroid medullary tumour), Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)

29
Q

Treatment of phaeochromocytoma

A

Prescribed antihypertensive to block affects of high adrenaline and risk of dangerously high blood pressure during surgery (alpha or beta blockers given)
Surgical excision of tumour

30
Q

Symptoms and signs of phaeochromocytoma

A 
Hypertension
Tachycardia
Palpitations
Headache
Sweating
Tremor
Sense of apprehension
31
Q

Complications of high BP in phaeochromocytoma

A

Congestive cardiac failure
Cerebrovascular accident
Ischaemic heart disease
Arrhythmia

32
Q

Cushing’s syndrome vs Cushing’s disease

A

Cushing’s syndrome refers to the condition caused by excess cortisol in the body, regardless of the cause. When Cushing’s syndrome is caused by a pituitary tumour, it is called Cushing’s disease.

Module 203 (10 decks)

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