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Module 203 > DR2 > Flashcards

DR2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main parts of the uterus?

A

Upper 2/3 including fundus = body

Cervix = lower part of the uterus

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2
Q

What is the fundus?

A

Dome-shaped uppermost part of the body above the fallopian tubal openings

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3
Q

Wall of uterus

A

Perimetrium (outer lining)
Myometrium
Endometrium (inner lining)

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4
Q

Cervical canal

A

Narrower than uterine opening

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5
Q

Cervical canal openings

A

Internal os - communicates superiorly with the uterine cavity
External os - communicates inferiorly with the vagina

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6
Q

Nulliparous

A

Women who have not given birth to children

Narrow and circular external os

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7
Q

Parous

A

Women who has had children hence external os remains enlarged thus forming a transverse slit

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8
Q

Main divisions of the broad ligament

A

Mesovarioum
Mesosalpinx
Mesometrium

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9
Q

Mesovarioum

A

Posterosuperior portion that surrounds the ovary

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10
Q

Mesosalpinx

A

Small anterosuperior portion that encloses the Fallopian tube
Mesentery of the uterine tube

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11
Q

Mesometrium

A

Larger portion, inferior to the Fallopian tubes

Mesentery of the uterus

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12
Q

Attachment point of broad ligament

A

Lateral edge of uterus inferior to the entrance of the uterine tube

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13
Q

Ligaments associated with the uterus

A

Broad ligament
Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Round ligament of the uterus

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14
Q

Ligaments embedded within the broad ligament

A

Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Round ligament of the uterus

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15
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

Medial border of the ovary to where the fallopian tube joins the uterus

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16
Q

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

A

Lateral border of the ovary to the parietal peritoneum

Keeps the ovaries suspended

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17
Q

Round ligament of the uterus

A

From fundus region of the uterus
Travels across the pelvic brim and enters the deep inguinal ring, crosses the inguinal canal and exits the pelvis to terminate within the labia majora

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18
Q

Uterine artery

A

Crucial to differentiate the ureter and uterine artery from each other in order to prevent clamping of the artery by mistake

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19
Q

What structures relating to the uterus are closely interlinked?

A

Uterine artery and ureter

Ureter arches inferiorly to the uterine artery

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20
Q

Describe the position of the uterus.

A

Anteverted - curved anteriorly over the bladder which it partially obscures

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21
Q

Recto-uterine pouch or pouch of Douglas

A

2/3 down the rectum, the peritoneum reflects onto the posterior surface of the uterus
Lowest part of the peritoneal cavity in the female

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22
Q

Utero-vesical pouch

A

Between the uterus and the bladder, the peritoneum arcs

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23
Q

Clinical relevance of recto-uterine pouch

A

Potential site for accumulation of fluid

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24
Q

Ovaries

A

Located close to the lateral walls of the pelvis

Atrophy after menopause

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25
Q

Two endpoints of the vagina

A

Cervix

Vestibule

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26
Q

Anterior and posterior fornix

A

Recess where the vagina attaches to the cervix

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27
Q

Wall of the vagina

A

Thin muscular layer

Muscle may assist with childbirth

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28
Q

Main factors responsible for delivery

A

Contraction by myometrium

Increase in abdominal pressure

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29
Q

Anterior and posterior walls of vagina

A

Generally in contact except at cervical end

Vaginal canal is normally collapsed

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30
Q

Recto-vesical pouch

A

Extending from the middle part of the rectum on to the posterior surface of the bladder and seminal vesicles

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31
Q

Pararectal fossae

A

Peritoneum reflects laterally at this point from the sides of the rectum to the abdominal wall

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32
Q

Vas deferens

A

Travels from the scrotum to the point it enters the abdomen

Duct appears from the deep inguinal ring and travels to the posterior aspect of the bladder

33
Q

Blood supply to the vas deferens

A

Anastamosis of the vesical and testicular arteries

34
Q

Venous drainage to the vas deferens

A

Vesical vein

Testicular vein

35
Q

Ampulla of the vas deferens

A

Diameter dilates at its distal end

36
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Lateral to the two ampullae

37
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

Ducts from seminal vesicles join ampulla of vas deferens

38
Q

Prostate gland

A

Inferior to the bladder

39
Q

Prostatic urethra

A

Surrounded by the prostate gland

40
Q

Small median lobe of the prostate

A

Between ejaculatory ducts and urethra

41
Q

Benign senile hypertrophy of the prostate

A

Enlargement of the median lobe of the prostate

42
Q

Penile urethra

A

Spongy urethra

43
Q

Structures and openings of the vulva

A 
Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Glans of the clitoris
Prepuce
Urethral openings
Vaginal openings
44
Q

Mons pubis

A

Anterior to the vulva

mass of fatty tissue lying over the joint of the pubic bones

45
Q

Prepuce

A

Surrounds the glands of the clitoris

46
Q

Anal opening

A

Close proximity between the anal and urethral/vaginal openings

47
Q

Perineal membrane

A

Sphincter muscles on the left hand side in the deep perineal pouch

48
Q

Clitoris

A

Erectile organ comparable to the male penis
Role purely as an organ of arousal in females
Sensitive organ as greater proportion of nerve terminals located in the glans

49
Q

Bulbs of vestibule/Bartholin’s glands/greater vestibule glands

A

Surround vaginal opening

Enlarged when filled with blood via pudendal artery

50
Q

Crus of the clitoris

A

Two erectile tissue structures that converge on the clitoral body

51
Q

Scrotum

A

Contains the egg-shaped testis

52
Q

Spermatic cord

A

Contains all supportive elements linking the testes to the intra-abdominal space

53
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Encloses testis and epididymis

54
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Intimate layer covering the outer surface of the testis

Whitish appearance

55
Q

Testis

A

Inner lobules containing numerous, highly coiled seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced

56
Q

Gonadal vessels

A

Descend from the abdominal region/aorta L2

57
Q

Main structures of the penis

A

Glans
Body
Root

58
Q

Tissue within penis

A

2 corpora cavernosa

1 corpus spongiosum

59
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

Dorsal side of penis

Responsible for erection after filling with blood to produce considerable hydraulic pressure

60
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

Surrounds the spongy or penile urethra

61
Q

Cavernosa bodies

A

Fibre arrangement prevents penis from ballooning thus keeping its characteristic cylindrical shape

62
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Surrounding tough fibrous cover over the testis

Limits distension

63
Q

Corpus cavernosum

A

Forms the bulk of the penis and the clitoris

64
Q

Define the Broad ligament

A

Double layer of peritoneum on either side of the uterus that acts to stabilise the uterus

65
Q

Physiological causes of fluid accumulation in the recto-uterine pouch

A

Ruptured follicles
Retrograde menstruation
Increase in ovarian permeability due to oestrogen influence

66
Q

Pathological causes of fluid accumulation in the recto-uterine pouch

A

Ruptured ectopic
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Tubo-Ovarian abscess
Pelvic abscess/haematoma

67
Q

Cul-de-Sac

A

Recto-uterine pouch or Pouch of Douglas

68
Q

Possible symptoms for pouch of Douglas

A 
Painful periods
Painful intercourse (dyspareunia)
Abdominal pain 
Abdominal distension
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Reduced stool
69
Q

Vasectomy

A

Vas deferens cut or sealed to act as a form of contraception by preventing sperm entering the urethra

70
Q

What happens to sperm during a vasectomy?

A

Sperm will be produced by the Sertoli cells but they degrade in the testis as there is no need for the testis - prevents accumulation of sperm in testes

71
Q

Four parts of the Fallopian tube

A

Isthmus
Fimbrae
Infundibulum
Ampulla

72
Q

Layers of the Fallopian tube

A

Mucosa - folded walls with ciliated cells
Muscularis externa
Serosa

73
Q

Where is an ovum fertilised?

A

Ampulla

74
Q

Buck’s Fascia

A

Around corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum

75
Q

Tunica dartos

A

Superficial layer around superficial veins

76
Q

Ischiocavernosus muscle

A

Men - stabilises erect penis

Women - tenses the vagina during orgasm

77
Q

Cavernous veno-occlusive mechanism

A

As the corpus cavernosum fills with blood, the tunica albuginea stretches and the veins fill with blood. This causes an increase in the venous pressure and decrease in venous outflow (PS innervation) to form a hard penis.

78
Q

Vaginismus

A

Involuntary contraction of the perineal muscles preventing vaginal penetration

79
Q

Vaginal changes

A

Premenopausal vagina - folds in the wall of vagina provides lubrication
Postmenopausal vagina - smoother inner vaginal wall with reduced lubrication

Module 203 (10 decks)

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