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1
Q

Fas

A

Fas-ligand (pro-apoptotic extrinsic factor) binds Fas receptor/ TNF-1 receptor (CD95)

  • -> activates FADD (death domain)
  • -> cytosolic caspases activated
  • -> cellular breakdown
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2
Q

Granzyme

A

Extrinsic apoptic factor from Killer T cells

  • Release granzyme B and perforin
  • -> hole in membrane
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3
Q

Bax

A

pro-apoptotic factor–> increased mitochondrial permeability

  • -> cytochrome C released
  • -> mitochondrial Ca+2 released
  • -> cytosolic caspases released
  • -> cellular breakdown

** in balance of Bcl-2= anti-apoptotic factor (mutations promoting Bcl-2–> cancer)

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4
Q

E-selectin/P-selectin

A

Rolling neutrophils bind to E/P selectin on vasculature/stroma via Sialyl-Lewis(x) group)
- Sialyl Lewis group missing in Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type II

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5
Q

ICAM-1

A

Intracellular adhesion molecule-1

Leukocyte binds LFA-1 (integrin) on its surface to ICAM-1 (tight binding) on blood vessel wall

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6
Q

PECAM-1

A

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule

Diapedesis: leukocyte binds PECAM-1 and migrates between endothelial cells–> exits into interstitium

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7
Q

C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikreain

A

Bacterial products that attract leukocyte (chemotactic signals)–> phagocytosis of bacteria

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8
Q

Granulomatous disease

A

Th1 cells secrete gamma-IFN–> macrophage activation

Macrophages secrete TNF-alpha= induces and maintains granuloma

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9
Q

Decreased ESR

A

Sickle cell (altered shape)
Polycythemia (too many RBCs)
CHF (unknown)

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10
Q

AL amyloidosis

A

Primary amyloidosis

IgLight chains

  • Due to plasma cell disorder, multiple myeloma
  • -> multi organ system impact (renal, cardiac, hematologic, hepatic, neuropathy)
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11
Q

AA amyloidosis

A

Secondary to chronic disease: RA, IBD, spondyloarthropathy, chronic infections

  • Fibrils= serum Amyloid A (AA)
  • Multisystem
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12
Q

beta-2 microglobulin fibrils

A

Seen in dialysis-related amyloidosis

–> carpal tunnel syndrome, joint issues

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13
Q

ATTR amyloidosis

A

Heritable

- Neurologic/cardiac amyloidosis d/t transthyretic (TTR or prealbumin) gene mutation

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14
Q

Anaplasia

A

Abnormal cells lacking differentiation: ressemble primitive cells of same tissue
- Little or no resemblance to tissue of origin

Irreversible change (like neoplasia)

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15
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

Irreversible change (like neoplasia)

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16
Q

Tumor stage

A

TNM:
Tumor size (perforate out of capsule?)
Node involvement
Metastases (perforate vessels, lymph? important prognostic factor)

** Staging has more prognostic value than grade

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17
Q

Cachexia

A

Mediated by TNF-alpha (cachectin), IFN-gamma, IL-6
- Macrophages–> TNF-alpha, IL-6 (pyrogenic)

Weight loss, atrophy, fatique d/t chronic disease

18
Q

Tuberous sclerosis

A

Facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation

Associated neoplasms:

  • Giant cell astrocytoma
  • Renal angiomylolipoma
  • Cardiac rhabdomyoma
19
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A

Esophageal webs, dysphagia, iron-deficiency anemia

Associated neoplasm: squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

20
Q

abl

A

Oncogene encoding Tyrosine kinase

- Associated with CML (t(9;22)–> bcr-abl fusion protein)

21
Q

c-myc

A

Transcription factor oncogene

- Associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma= t(8;14)–> CD10, BCL-6

22
Q

HER2/neu (c-erbB2)

A

Tyrosine kinase

- Associated with breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas

23
Q

ras

A

GTPase: GTP bound–> activated–> MAPKinase system–> nucleus
- Colon carcinoma

24
Q

ret

A

Tyrosine kinase

- MEN 2A, 2B

25
Q

c-kit

A

Cytokine receptor

- Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

26
Q

p16

A

Tumor suppressor gene

- LOF seen in melanoma, along with BRAF

27
Q

Rb

A

Chromosome 13: RB1
Inhibits E2F (transcription factor)
Blocks G1–> S phase
- Associated with Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
2 hit hypothesis: lose heterogeneity (after already having one defective gene)

28
Q

p53

A

Transcription factor for p21
Blocks G1–> S phase

Seen in most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome

29
Q

CEA

A

CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen

  • Seen in colorectal, pancreatic cancer
  • Also gastric, breast, medullary thyroid cancer
30
Q

CA-125

A

Ovarian cancer marker

31
Q

S-100

A

Neural-crest derived tumors:

- Melanoma, neural tumor, schwannomas

32
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase

A

Elevated in Bone, liver mets

Seen in Paget’s disease of bone

33
Q

Bombesin

A

Marker of neuroblastoma, lung, gastric cancer

34
Q

CA-19-9

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma marker

35
Q

Vinyl chloride

A

Exposure related to angiosarcoma of liver

36
Q

Arsenic

A

SCC of skin

Angiosarcoma of liver

37
Q

Iron poisoning

A

Peroxidation of membrane lipids

  • Acute= gastric bleeding
  • Chronic= metabolic acidosis, scarring–> GI obstruction
38
Q

N-myc

A

Transcription factor

- See in neuoroblastoma

39
Q

WT1

A

Wilm’s tumor

- Chromosome 11

40
Q

NF1

A

Neurofibromatosis 1

  • NF-1 gene codes for neurofibromin= suppressor of Ras
  • RAS GTPase activation protein (RAS-GAP)
  • Chrom 17
41
Q

NF2

A

Neurofibromatosis 2

  • Merlin (schwannomin protein)
  • Chrom 22

Step 1 Subjects (26 decks)

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