Random cards

Question 1

Fas

Answer 1

Fas-ligand (pro-apoptotic extrinsic factor) binds Fas receptor/ TNF-1 receptor (CD95)

• -> activates FADD (death domain)
• -> cytosolic caspases activated
• -> cellular breakdown

Question 2

Granzyme

Answer 2

Extrinsic apoptic factor from Killer T cells

• Release granzyme B and perforin
• -> hole in membrane

Question 3

Bax

Answer 3

pro-apoptotic factor–> increased mitochondrial permeability

• -> cytochrome C released
• -> mitochondrial Ca+2 released
• -> cytosolic caspases released
• -> cellular breakdown

** in balance of Bcl-2= anti-apoptotic factor (mutations promoting Bcl-2–> cancer)

Question 4

E-selectin/P-selectin

Answer 4

Rolling neutrophils bind to E/P selectin on vasculature/stroma via Sialyl-Lewis(x) group)
- Sialyl Lewis group missing in Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type II

Question 5

ICAM-1

Answer 5

Intracellular adhesion molecule-1

Leukocyte binds LFA-1 (integrin) on its surface to ICAM-1 (tight binding) on blood vessel wall

Question 6

PECAM-1

Answer 6

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule

Diapedesis: leukocyte binds PECAM-1 and migrates between endothelial cells–> exits into interstitium

Question 7

C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikreain

Answer 7

Bacterial products that attract leukocyte (chemotactic signals)–> phagocytosis of bacteria

Question 8

Granulomatous disease

Answer 8

Th1 cells secrete gamma-IFN–> macrophage activation

Macrophages secrete TNF-alpha= induces and maintains granuloma

Question 9

Decreased ESR

Answer 9

Sickle cell (altered shape)
Polycythemia (too many RBCs)
CHF (unknown)

Question 10

AL amyloidosis

Answer 10

Primary amyloidosis

IgLight chains

• Due to plasma cell disorder, multiple myeloma
• -> multi organ system impact (renal, cardiac, hematologic, hepatic, neuropathy)

Question 11

AA amyloidosis

Answer 11

Secondary to chronic disease: RA, IBD, spondyloarthropathy, chronic infections

• Fibrils= serum Amyloid A (AA)
• Multisystem

Question 12

beta-2 microglobulin fibrils

Answer 12

Seen in dialysis-related amyloidosis

–> carpal tunnel syndrome, joint issues

Question 13

ATTR amyloidosis

Answer 13

Heritable

- Neurologic/cardiac amyloidosis d/t transthyretic (TTR or prealbumin) gene mutation

Question 14

Anaplasia

Answer 14

Abnormal cells lacking differentiation: ressemble primitive cells of same tissue
- Little or no resemblance to tissue of origin

Irreversible change (like neoplasia)

Question 15

Desmoplasia

Answer 15

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

Irreversible change (like neoplasia)

Question 16

Tumor stage

Answer 16

TNM:
Tumor size (perforate out of capsule?)
Node involvement
Metastases (perforate vessels, lymph? important prognostic factor)

** Staging has more prognostic value than grade

Question 17

Cachexia

Answer 17

Mediated by TNF-alpha (cachectin), IFN-gamma, IL-6
- Macrophages–> TNF-alpha, IL-6 (pyrogenic)

Weight loss, atrophy, fatique d/t chronic disease

Question 18

Tuberous sclerosis

Answer 18

Facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation

Associated neoplasms:

• Giant cell astrocytoma
• Renal angiomylolipoma
• Cardiac rhabdomyoma

Question 19

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Answer 19

Esophageal webs, dysphagia, iron-deficiency anemia

Associated neoplasm: squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

Question 20

abl

Answer 20

Oncogene encoding Tyrosine kinase

- Associated with CML (t(9;22)–> bcr-abl fusion protein)

Question 21

c-myc

Answer 21

Transcription factor oncogene

- Associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma= t(8;14)–> CD10, BCL-6

Question 22

HER2/neu (c-erbB2)

Answer 22

Tyrosine kinase

- Associated with breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas

Question 23

ras

Answer 23

GTPase: GTP bound–> activated–> MAPKinase system–> nucleus
- Colon carcinoma

Question 24

ret

Answer 24

Tyrosine kinase

- MEN 2A, 2B

Question 25

c-kit

Answer 25

Cytokine receptor | - Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

Question 26

p16

Answer 26

Tumor suppressor gene | - LOF seen in melanoma, along with BRAF

Question 27

Rb

Answer 27

Chromosome 13: RB1 Inhibits E2F (transcription factor) Blocks G1--> S phase - Associated with Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma 2 hit hypothesis: lose heterogeneity (after already having one defective gene)

Question 28

p53

Answer 28

Transcription factor for p21 Blocks G1--> S phase Seen in most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Question 29

CEA

Answer 29

CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen - Seen in colorectal, pancreatic cancer - Also gastric, breast, medullary thyroid cancer

Question 30

CA-125

Answer 30

Ovarian cancer marker

Question 31

S-100

Answer 31

Neural-crest derived tumors: | - Melanoma, neural tumor, schwannomas

Question 32

Alkaline Phosphatase

Answer 32

Elevated in Bone, liver mets | Seen in Paget's disease of bone

Question 33

Bombesin

Answer 33

Marker of neuroblastoma, lung, gastric cancer

Question 34

CA-19-9

Answer 34

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma marker

Question 35

Vinyl chloride

Answer 35

Exposure related to angiosarcoma of liver

Question 36

Arsenic

Answer 36

SCC of skin | Angiosarcoma of liver

Question 37

Iron poisoning

Answer 37

Peroxidation of membrane lipids - Acute= gastric bleeding - Chronic= metabolic acidosis, scarring--> GI obstruction

Question 38

N-myc

Answer 38

Transcription factor | - See in neuoroblastoma

Question 39

WT1

Answer 39

Wilm's tumor | - Chromosome 11

Question 40

NF1

Answer 40

Neurofibromatosis 1 - NF-1 gene codes for neurofibromin= suppressor of Ras - RAS GTPase activation protein (RAS-GAP) - Chrom 17

Question 41

NF2

Answer 41

Neurofibromatosis 2 - Merlin (schwannomin protein) - Chrom 22