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Step 1 Subjects > Behavioral science > Flashcards

Behavioral science Flashcards

1
Q

Lead-time bias

A

prolonged survival in patients with screening test

- Earlier diagnosis without improved prognosis

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2
Q

Recall bias

A

Inaccurate patient recall of past exposure

- ex: what caused cancer?

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3
Q

Observer bias

A

Investigator decision changed by prior knowledge of exposure status

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4
Q

Type 1 error

A

Reject null hypothesis when it’s true

- Found a difference when there isn’t one)

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5
Q

P-value

A

Probability of making type 1 error

- Accepted at P< 0.05 (5% chance)

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6
Q

Type 2 error

A

Failure to reject null hypothesis when it’s false

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7
Q

Beta

A

Probability of making a type 2 error

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8
Q

Power

A

1- beta

ex: beta= 20% chance of making type 2 error;
- power= 80% chance of rejecting truly false null hypothesis

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9
Q

Case-control study

A

Compares those with disease to those without disease
- Measures Odds Ratio (OR):
(exposed with disease/diseased)/ (exposed without disease/ all without disease)

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10
Q

Cohort study

A

Compares group with exposure/risk factor to group without exposure
- Measures relative risk (RR):
Risk of disease with exposure/ risk of disease without exposure

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11
Q

Clinical trial phases

A

Phase I= safety, toxicity, PK
Phase II= efficacy, dosing, AEs
Phase III= comparison to standard tx
Phase IV= rare, long-term AE (post-marketing)

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12
Q

Case-fatality rate

A

Fatal/ (Fatal + nonfatal cases)

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13
Q

Sensitivity

A

Test detects disease when disease present
- Screening tool for disease with low prevalence

True positives / (TP + False negatives)

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14
Q

Specificity

A

Test indicates non-disease when disease is absent (ruling in disease)
- Confirmatory test after positive screen

True negatives/ (TN + False positives)

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15
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Proportion of positive test results that are truly positive: TP/ (TP+ FP)

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16
Q

Negative predictive value

A

Proportion of negative results that are truly negative

TN/ (FN + TN)

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17
Q

Attributable risk

A

How much disease was due to exposure?

Disease rate with exposure / disease rate without exposure
- Ex: 21% lung cancer risk in smokers, 1% in non-smokers= 20% attributable risk

OR:
Adverse Event rate (tx) - Adverse event (placebo)

18
Q

Absolute risk reduction

A

Event rate (control) - Event rate (treatment group)

19
Q

Number needed to treat

A

Number to treat for 1 patient to benefit:
1/(absolute risk reduction)

ARR= event rate (control)- Event rate (treatment group)

20
Q

Number needed to harm

A

Number needed to treat for 1 patient to have adverse event:

1/ (attributable risk)

21
Q

Late-look bias

A

information gathered at inappropriate time (ex: survey to study fatal disease after people will have died of disease)

22
Q

Procedure bias

A

Subjects in different groups not treated the same

more attention paid to tx group

23
Q

Observer-expectancy effecct

A

Researcher’s belief in efficacy of treatment changes outcome of treatment

24
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Group being studied changes behavior because they know they are being studied

25
Q

Standard error of the mean (SEM)

A

SD/ square root (sample size)

  • SEM is powered by the size of the population
  • Larger study indicates the standard deviation is closer to what would be seen in the general population
26
Q

Positive skew

A

Mean skewed positively:

- Mean > Median > mode

27
Q

Negative skew

A

Mean skewed negatively

- Mean < Median < mode

28
Q

Confidence interval

A

Range from [mean- Z(SEM)] to [mean + Z(SEM)]

95% CI for a mean difference including 0–> H0 is not rejected

95% CI for a OR or RR including 1, H0 is not rejected

  • H0= null hypothesis
  • H1= alternative hypothesis

95% CI; Z=1.96
99% CI; Z= 2.58

29
Q

T-test

A

Difference between means of 2 groups

2-sample T-test= determine if means of 2 populations are equal: need:

  • 2 mean values
  • Sample difference (standard deviation)
  • Sample size
30
Q

ANOVA

A

Analysis of variance

- Checks difference between mean of 3+ groups

31
Q

Chi-square

A

Difference between 2+ percentages or proportions (NOT mean values)
x^2= compare percentages/proportions

32
Q

Multiple linear regression

A

Model linear relationship between dependent variable and 2+ independent variables
ex: alcohol and tobacco use and incidence of gastric cancer

33
Q

Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r)

A

Measures strength of linear regression line (closer value is to r, stronger linear correlation)

Ranges between -1 and 1 (depending on direct(+) or inverse(-) relationship between two factors

34
Q

Apgar score

A 
Assess newborn vital signs via 10-point scale at 1 and 5 minutes
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration

> = 7: good
4-6: assist, stimulate
< 4: resuscitate

    • Low birth weight < 2500 g
  • Premature, intrauterine growth retardation
  • Increased risk of SIDS, mortality, developmental problems
35
Q

Birth-3 months milestones

A

Motor:

  • Rooting reflex
  • Hold head up
  • Moro reflex disappears

Social:
- Social smile

Verbal/cog:
- Orients, responds to voices

36
Q

7-9 months

A

Motor:

  • sits alone, crawls
  • Transfers toys from hand to hand

Social:
- stranger anxiety

Verbal/cog:

  • Responds to name, simple instructions
  • Uses gestures, plays peek-a-boo
37
Q

12-15 months

A

Motor:

  • walks
  • Babinski sign gone

Social:
- Separation anxiety

Verbal/cog:
- Few words

38
Q

12-24 months

A

Motor:

  • climbs stairs
  • stacks 3 blocks at 1 year, 6 at 2 (3/year)

Social:
- Rapprochement (moves away from, returns to mother)

Verbal/cog:
- 200 words and 2-word phrases

39
Q

24-36 months

A

Motor:

  • Feeding self with fork and spoon
  • Kicks ball

Social:
- Core gender identity, parallel play

Verbal/cog:
- toilet training

40
Q

3 years

A

Motor:

  • Rides Tricycle
  • Copies line, circle drawings

Social:
- Comfortably spends part of day away from mom

Verbal/cog:
- 900 words, complete sentences

41
Q

4 years

A

Motor:

  • Uses buttons, zippers, grooms self (brush teeth)
  • Hops on 1 foot
  • Makes simple drawings

Social:
- Cooperative play, imaginary friends

Verbal/cog:
- Detailed story telling, uses prepositions

42
Q

Circadian rhythm

A 
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus
- Controls ACTH, prolactin, melatonin, nocturnal NE release

SCN–> NE release–> pineal gland–> melatonin

SCN regulated by environment (light)

Step 1 Subjects (26 decks)

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