Random Anatomy- Exam 2 Flashcards
Injury to superior gluteal nerve
Paralysis of gluteus medius
Trendelenburg test-pelvis descends to unsupported side
“Hip drop”
Gluteal gait “waddling”
Trochantric and ischial bursitis
Point tenderness over greater trochanter
Excessive friction (cycling) “pain in the butt bone”
Hamstring injuries
Common in runners
Tear from attachment (ischial tuberosity)
Injury to sciatic nerve
Compression of sciatic nerve by piriformis- piriformis syndrome
Wound or surgery on medial side ➡️ injury to sciatic nerve ➡️ paralysis of hamstring ➡️ inability to extend and flex leg
Intragluteal injection
Superolatetal quadrant is safe area for injection
Tibialis anterior strain
“Shin splint”
Pain and inflammation of distal 2/3 of tibia
Common in runners
Tear in periosteum or point of attachment of TA
Can be avoided by proper warm up and cool down
Injury to common fibular nerve
High risk of injury due to anatomical location
FOOT DROP
Making the limb “too long”
Paralysis of all muscles of anterior and lateral compartments (dorsiflexors of ankle and evertors of foot)
Loss of sensation on anterolateral leg & dorsum of foot
Compensations: waddling gait, swing-out gait, high stepping stoppage gait
“Ski boot syndrome”
Deep fibular nerve entrapment
Pain in anterior compartment
Compression by tight fitting ski boots at extensor retinaculum
Soccer player, runners and use of tight shoes
Superficial fibular nerve entrapment
Chronic ankle pain
Numbness and paresthesia
First sign of PVD
Weak or absent dorsal is pedis pulses
Tennis leg
Gastrocnemius strain
At musculotendinous junction
By over stretching; full extension of knee and dorsiflexion of ankle
Posterior tibial pulse
Palpated b/w medial malleolus and calcaneal tendon
Invert the foot
Signs of peripheral arterial disease
- Weak or absent pulses
- Intermittent claudication
- Atherosclerosis
Tibial nerve injury
Deep laceration or posterior dislocation of knee
Inability to plantarflex
Calcaneal tendon reflex
Tests S1 and S2 roots
Absent reflex in damage to spinal cord
Calcaneal bursitis
Common sports injury
Pain posterior to heel
Due to excessive friction of bursa
Femoral hernia
Protrusion of loop of guy through femoral ring (weak spot)
More common in women bc wider pelvis
Hernia may become subcutaneous after passing through saphenous opening
Strangulation of hernia is a surgical emergency ➡️ bowel obstruction
Femoral artery pulse and cannulation
Strong pulsation inferior to inguinal ligament
Weak or absent if kink in aorta
Can be compressed to control bleeding
Used for left heart cath
Femoral vein pulse and cannulation
Not palpable
Great saphenous vein empties 3 cm inferior to inguinal ligament
Right heart cath to measure PCWP
Lumbar plexus
L1-L4
Sacral plexus
L4-S4
Structures perforating diaphragm:
T8-IVC
T10- esophagus, vagus
T12- aorta
I 8 10 Eggs At 12
How many vertebrae are there?
In each section?
33 7 cervical 12 thoracic (for 12 thoracic ribs) 5 lumbar 5 sacral (fused) 4 coccygeal (fused)
Length of spinal cord
Extends from foramen magnum to L1/L2 in adult and L3 in new born
(Moves up with age)
41-48cm long
Spinal cord terminates at?
Conus medullaris (L2)
Extends down and anchors spinal cord in lower sacral region
Filum terminale
Cauda equina
(Horse tail)
The nerve group in lower dural sac (L1-S5)
What binds the epidural space posteriorly?
Ligametum flavum
Epidural space
The space above dura mater that surrounds meninges
Extends from foramen magnum to sacral hiatus
Widest at L2, narrowest at C5
Filled with fat and network of veins
A potential/hidden space that can be opened by the separation of the arachnoid mater from dura mater as a result of trauma or tumor
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space
Located b/w arachnoid mater and pia mater and contains CSF
Blood supply to spinal cord and nerve roots comes from where?
A single anterior spinal artery & paired posterior spinal arteries
The main site of action of neuraxial blockage is where?
The nerve roots
Structures pierced during lumbar puncture b/w L4 & L5
- Skin
- Subcutaneous tissue
- Supraspinous ligament
- Interspinous ligament
- Ligamentum flavum
- Epidural space
- Dura mater
- Subdural space
- Arachnoid mater
- Subarachnoid space- CSF
Hip and thigh contusion
Most common support injury of hip
Charley horse
Tests femoral nerve and L2-L4 spinal segments
Patellar reflex “knee jerk”
Cannot extend leg
Paralysis of quadriceps
Chondromalacia of patella
“Runner’s knee”
Due to trauma, extreme flexion or running
Tearing of proximal attachment of flexor and adductors due to sprinting or gymnastics
Groin pull
Coxa vara
Decreased angle of inclination
Coxa valga
Increased angle of inclination
What is the “push-off” muscle for walking?
Flexor hallucis longus
Most common site of femur fracture
Femoral neck
Osgood-Schlatter disease
Epiphysial fracture causing inflammation and chronic recurrent pain during adolescence
Which 3 muscles form “pea anserinus” on medial surface of superior tibia
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
Which muscle is not supplied by tibial division of sciatic nerve in posterior thigh muscles?
Biceps femoris short head- common fibular division
Anterior compartment of leg supplied by which nerve and artery?
Deep fibular nerve and anterior tibial artery
The lateral compartment aka “?” Compartment are supplied by which nerve?
Evertor
Superficial fibular nerve
Posterior compartment supplied by which nerve?
Tibial division
Which 3 muscles makeup the triceps surae?
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
Positive trendelenburg test
Injury to superior gluteal nerve/ gluteus medius
Contralateral hip drop
Compensations for foot drop
Waddling gait
Swing-out gait
High steppage gait
What is the function of the arches of foot?
Allows foot to hold up weight
Shock absorber
What would you do for rub fracture or after thoracic surgery?
Intercostal block
3 functions of larynx
- Provide patent airway
- Switching mechanism to route air & food
- Voice production
Lobes of liver
Right
Left
Caudate
Quadrate
Sequence of excitation
Sinoatrial node > internodal tracts > atrioventricular node > AV bundle > bundle branches > subendocardial branches > ventricular muscle
Heart shaped body Facets for head of rib Smaller vertebral foramen Long and strong transverse processes Long spinous processes
Thoracic vertebrae
Larger and heavier kidney shaped body
Triangular vertebral foramen
Long and slender transverse processes
Hatchet-shaped short spinous processes
Lumbar vertebrae
Rupture ACL and PCL of knee
ACL- free tibia slides anteriorly under fixed femur
PCL- free tibia slides posteriorly under fixed femur
